It is my pleasure and honor to publish Mr. Mu's book. It is excellent work, carefully researched and written.
(1) In 1967 "Red Flag" magazine and all the CCP’s media re-published Jiang Qing in
Chapter 2. prologue of the Cultural Revolution (1963-1966)
Mao became China's Stalin and the undisputed emperor since Liu Shaoqi and other touted Mao as a “God” from the “Seventh Congress”. The CCP Constitution fixed that the term of office of the Party leader is three to five years. If it really practice, mao will end his power, so Mao has to engage in “Mass movement”. Mao wanted to choose the most favorable time to convene a party congress to maintain the post of party's chairman, so he postponed 17 years to convene the 7th party congress in 1945, and postponed 11 years to convene 8th party congress in 1956. Party Constitution decided the 9th party congress in 1961, this is the time when tens of millions starved to death, if this time held the congress, Mao would step down, so he postponed indefinitely by engaging in mass movement. Chinese "National Constitution” was formulated in 1954, It provided a system of five-year term to the Head of State, Chairman of the Central Government. Mao did the second successive Chairmen of state, its term of office would end in 1959. Since the impact of the Soviet anti-Stalinist, on the Eighth Party Congress in 1956, Liu and others removed Mao thought content from the party constitution, so Mao hated Liu. Mao had to hand over the post of “national Chairman” to Liu in 1959 and “retreat to the back line”. After the “Down with Peng Dehuai” in Lushan meeting., Mao let Liu clean up the mess of the “Great Leap Forward” and “Great Famine”. In February 1962, on enlarged political bureau meeting (7000 person Assembly), seemingly Liu flattered Mao, substantially criticized errors of Mao's Great Leap Forward and other, more severe than Peng Dehuai, and promoted collective leadership and so on.This greatly increased Liu’s prestige. Mao determined to overthrow the 8th party congress spirit and the national constitution, justifiably arrogate all authority by himself. Mao wanted to overthrow Liu, strategy is to let his wife Jiang to go into action, start from the cultural field, criticizing opera "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office". Hence the name the “Cultural Revolution”. Mao said "the crucial point is dismissed from office, we dismissed Peng's official in Lushan meeting." Lin Biao stated the truth of Mao: “The Soviet Union got out a Khrushchev, the country had changed color…If anyone in China did as Khrushchev (anti-Stalinist), the whole party and the whole country would overthrough him. Cultural Revolution meas to dismissed a group of persons from office and to promote a group of persons to a higher position” |
1. Mao said "I am Marx add Emperor Chin Shihhuang”, intend to pass throne to his family
Mao once many times said: “I am Marx add Chin Shihhuang Emperor”. On September 23, 1973, Mao met Egyptian vice president Hussein Shafei, Mao said publicly that he approved Chin Shihhuang’s “Crown is the first” and opposed Confucius’s “people is the first”. Mao's the most hated man is Nikita Khrushchev in Soviet Union who counter-Stalin and counter-personality cult. Mao scolded that Soviet Union is “revisionism”, said that China’s most important is “training the successor” to prevent revisionism. Zhou Enlai was not Mao’s successor absolutely who was subdued by Mao in Ruijin and Yan’an tim era. In 1961, Britain Field Marshall Montgomery several times met Mao and asked about the successor's question, Mao said: “It is very clear, Liu Shaoqi, he is our party's first vice-president. After I died, he is.” This was only said to outsiders. Mao once spent great efforts to train to his eldest son Mao Anying (his second son is mentally ill), delivered him to study in Soviet Union. Mao thought that the leader must have the experience of worker, peasant and soldier, so Mao Anying after had been the worker and peasant, joined army and went to North Korea, unfortunately he was killed by a bomb explosion. Afterward, Mao considered that he gave power to his wife Jiang Qing and then transited to his nephew Mao Yuanxin, son of Mao’s younger brother Mao Zemin who was killed by Xinjiang’s Warlords in the process of the Red Army “Long March” to connect the Soviet Union. |
(1) Constructed Mao’s personal special-purpose villa all over the country
(1) "National meeting of the Youth study Marxism-Leninism and Mao's writings, branch venue of Heilongjiang province", April 1960. (2) Scientific and technical books were stop to publish all over the country, only Mao's writings and Mao’s portraits were unrestricted to print and free distribute, and everywhere had to hold the grand assembly to elebrate the releasing Mao’s writings or Mao’s portraits. “Quotations from chairman mao” were printed 5 billion copies, Mao’s portraits were printed 1.24 pieces. Wang Dong Xing once said, in October , 1967 Mao checked his author's remuneration deposit, amounted to more than 5,700,000 yuan RMB at that time.(3) People paraded holding Mao’s portaits. (4) In 1973, Mao met Egyptian vice president said publicly that he approved Chin Emperor’s theory “crown is the first”.
(1,2) The CCP’s 3rd National Congress "Resolution and Declaration", 1923 and the “CCP Constitution” made in the CCP’s 6th Congress held in Moscow in 1928. All these documents stipulated that the Party leaders’ tenure of office is 3 years. But for the CCP power inner struggle the 7th CCP Congress dragged for 17 years (in 1945)，the 8th CCP Congress dragged for 11 years (in 1956), the 9th Congress dragged for 13 years (in 1969). Actually Mao choosed the best opportunity to hold the CCP Congress that he could be the leader. (3 , 4) Liu Shao Qi and so on others proposed writing that “Mao Zedong thought is the guiding principle of every work” in CCP’s constitution in the 7th CCP National Congress. (5) 1956, Deng Xiaoping was ordered modifying the CCP constitution in the 8th CCP Congress, the content about "Mao Thought" was deleted off from the Party constitution, Mao very hated this. According to the constitution the 9th CCP Congress would be held in 1961, but that time several thousands ten thousands of people starved to death whole nation by Mao’s “great leap forwarg”, if it was on time to hold the Congress and elect the Party leadership, Mao wold loss power, so Mao launched the “socialist education movement" and "Cultural Revolution" to postponed indefinitely.
(2) The "line struggle" around Mao's private villa Construction in Guangzhou
All over the country were scrambling to build Mao’s villas during the big famine period Shaoshan “Dishui Cave” in Hunan, Mao's ancestors were buried here; Mao once instructed to build the villa. Code name "203 projects “. It built from 1960 to1962, at a cost of 120 million RMB. After the construction it directly control by the Hunan Provincial Committee, long-closed and confidential. In fact, Mao only lived here11 days in June 1966. After Mao's death, “Dishui cave” area opened to the public in 1986. In Nanchang Mao’s private residence code "828", here Mao and Wang Dongxing secretly met Xu Shiyou and Han Xianchu etc talked about to fight with Lin biao in August 1971, it was long-term closure vacant; a few years after Mao's death as a place of Jiangxi Province university enrolling going over test papers. Shanghai constructed a large-scale “414 Project” later named “Xijiao hotel”, covering a thousand acres of gardens, a hundred people on standby for many years guarded the empty house; Mao only lived here a few days. In Hangzhou Mao’s secret residence “Wang Chuang” was named as “5801 project”, until in 1979 it was opened and renamed Xizi Hotel”. Hangzhou has another Mao’s villa “Liuzhuang” now transformed into "West Lake State Guesthouse". Changsha “Rongyuan”, Wuhan “Meiling”, Nanjing “Purple Mountain Hotel”, Beijing “Miyun Reservoir villa”, Lushan “Lu Lin”, Jinan “Nanjiao hotel”. Zhengzhou “Beijiao”, Nanning, Chengdu, Jinan, Dalian, Qingdao and even smaller cities have a lot of Mao’s villa. In addition, there are many villas specially built for Mao, but Mao never went there it was completely vacant. For example, Taiyuan "Yingze Hotel" and Qinghai, Xinjiang, Kunming and other places Mao’s villas. “Line struggle" caused by construction of Mao's private villas in Guangzhou Before1970 there were two Mao’s private special accommodations in Guangzhou. In 1971, Ding Sheng (Commander of Guangzhou Military Region) and Liu Xingyuan (Secretary of CCP Guangdong Province Committee) went around the Baiyun Mountain to find a better place for Mao’s new villa. Jiang Qing, the "Cultural Revolution flag bearer” now shout, shouted that she would no longer live in her previous house in Guangzhou. Zhou Enlai had mediated this in elephone.So Guangzhou’s officials felt urgency to build a new one for Mao. On April 11, Wang Dongxing specially came to meet Guangdong officials to do reconstruction for Jiang Qing. Zhang Xiaojun, deputy director of administration bureau of Guangzhou Military Region, led the construction engineers with the best car to carry the task. On April 13 -14,1971, Liu Xingyuan and Ding Sheng accompanied Wang Dongxing to plan the construction for Lin Biao and Mao in Baiyun Mountain. Wang Dongxin said, after watching the evening fireworks in Tiananmen Square of October 1, Mao would come to Guangzhou, let Mao live in the new house. Liu Ru (vice chief staff of the Military Region), Wang Qinglin and Zhang Xiaojun and architects specially flew to "learn” Wuchang Mao’s villa. On April 17, Liu Ru etc flew to “learn” Hangzhou Mao’s villa and the house being built for Lin Biao. On April 26, Wang Qinglin (project leader) flew to Beijing to report to Wang Dongxing, but Wang instructed in this year near the house of Mao again to build or repair houses for Zhou Enlai, Kang Sheng and Jiang Qing! Liu Xingyuan and Ding Sheng had to be done. On May 12, Wang Qinglin and others secondary flew to Beijing to report. Wang Dongxing instructed: Mao’s house and Jiang Qing’s house do not get too close (to facilitate Mao’s activities with girls companion). On May 26, Wang Qinglin etc the third time flew to Beijing, Wang Dongxing approved the building scheme, In addition he said that the houses Mao lived before 1970 had to be decorated, expanded the range for Mao’s activity in Guangzhou. It was called "705 project". Everywhere generously supplied funding and materials for the project. Chen Pangyi (Vice Minister of Beijing General Logistics Department) once a time allocated 10 millionYuan funds; Shenyang Military Region supplied 5,000 cubic meters timber without charge., "705 Project" completed in June 1972. After the fall of Lin Biao, some persons used “Lin Biao built villas” as an excuse to fight against other leaders. On October 20, 1972, the CCP Central Committee “distinguished” who had got in “Lin Biao’s pirate ship”, the problem of “building villas” was quarrel led violently in Guangzhou and Hunan Military Regions. Zhou En’lai said: “Chairman (Mao) lets me give a notice to everyone, Chairman said: ‘I'm responsible for the Guangzhou’s house, I asked Wang Dongxing to repair and decorate”. When the Chairman talked to this, I also said: I have gone to see the house built for me to live, and it was repaired according to my opinion. Chairman (Mao)instructed: afterward do not mention the houses in Guangzhou again!”. Mao never lived in these houses in Guangzhou. |
(1) Jiangxi Lushan, “Meilu House”, Mao’s private villa until his death. (2) Mao’sprivate residence in Nanjing: Xikang road 33 “Jiangsu Provincial Guest House”;an other was in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum road , 5, “Dongjiao Hotel”. When Mao not lived these houses were long-term vacant.(3) Mao’s villa in Jiangxi Nanchang, code number was “828 projects”, Mao only lived here several days. Now here had been reconstructed, named “Nanchang 828 state guesthouse” and also call “Cuilin golf resort hotel”.
(1) Shanxi Taiyuan “Ying Ze guesthouse”, originally built for Mao specially , “Ying Ze”means welcome Mao Zedong”. But Mao never lived in it. (2 , 3) Hunan Shaoshan “Dishui Cave guesthouse”, specially built for Mao. (3) Mao’s special villa in Hubei Xiangning County, “131 projects”, but Mao never lived in it.
(3) Emperor Mao’s erosion private life
Mao lived extravagant and dissipated life of feudalism emperor. Peng Dehuai once denounced Mao’s “palace concubines”. Dr. Li Zhisui memoir written, in order to facilitate his action with female companion, Mao often left Beijing and spent night in his train or his private villa in every provinces. Each time mao took hs train to go out, all other trains of the line were outage, thousands of police, troops to protect him. For example, On July 14, 1967, Mao took his special train secretly to leave Beijing to Wuhan, Yang Chengwu (Chief of General Staff of PLA) arranged, on the ground three trains were the precursor, the main train, and back guard train; in the sky four IL-18, two Viscount, two IL-14 planes and four Russian made "m 8" to fly; also in water, a frigate from the East China Sea Fleet and several boats got to Wuhan. Each time Mao left beijing had spend hundreds of million. The most familiar was the relationship between Mao and Zhang Yufeng in the train. Stories about Mao’s dance partners In August 1961, time of Lushan Meeting, Wang Dongxing ordered “Jiangxi Agriculture and Reclamation Cultural Work Group” to do dancing parters for the central leaders on Mt. Lushan. Among them, Xing Yunsheng, a Shanghai nationality actress, after many times been dancing parter of Mao, Mao became Xing’s “adopted father”. When the meeting end, before Mao left Mt. Lushan, Xing had happily seen her “adopted father”, the father and daughter mutually exchanged wristwatchs. Mao sent her his personal poem handwritings wraped with silk handkerchief, told her keep it well and not let others know and wanted her write letters to him. On October 10, 1961, she wrote a letter to “Beijing Zhongnanhai Health Care Courtyard to Mao Zedong”. Wang Dongxing and Mao said that this address divulged a secret. However Mao did not blame Xing, told her that her letter mailed to “Beijing 17th branch office 106 mailbox Wu Xujun (wool nurse) to receive on Mao's behalf”. On October 21,1961, Xing had received reply from “father”. In March 1962, Xing again happily saw Mao in Chen Pixian’s (Secretary of Shanghai CCP Committee) home, Mao taught her, do not touch the radio and so on in the house because the master was not at home. Afterward Wu Xujun delivered Xing to leave Shanghai to Jiangxi and to transmit 1000 Yuan of the “father” to Xing (at that time Xing’s monthly salary was 30 Yuan). ( Zhou Bingde (Zhou Enlai’s niece) said: “I remembered that I dance with Uncle Mao Zedong, leave alone the music of three step or four step, I am always embraced in his bosom of the big stature, shakes back and forth, like ride on the ship along with surges in music ripples. In December, 1958, the 6th plenary session of the 8th CCP Committee was held in Wuchang, Mao came to Wuhan than 20 days before the meeting. The duty of the Wuhan Government Protocol Office was organizing the dance party each night, choosing dance partners. “Everybody knew Chairman Mao is accustomed to sleep in daytime and work in night”, but every night is the dance party. (Li Cimin: "I Arranged Two Time Dance party for Chairman Mao”. Century, 2008, the 2nd issue). When Mao lived in Guangdong period, the government often arranged dance parties for Mao. ( Ou Chu (Secretary-General of Guangdong provincial government) "Arranging dance party for Mao Zedong". "Weekend", August 6, 2009. Wang DaiJun’s article tittled “I Dance with Chairman Mao Zedong and Marshal Ye Jianying” has written when she was a 22 year-old teacher in Hefei Industrial university, the provincial government arranged her to be Mao’s dance partner while Mao in Hefei, before going, she was announced that “the motion must keep secret absolutely” and so on disciplines; Mao was talking with me when in dancing, in the rest time she lightered cigarette for Mao, three hours in a night. Several days afterward she specially went to see and to say good-bye when Mao lefr Hefei. The article also wrote “Mommy and daddy can't compare with Chairman Mao”. “Entering Mao Zedong's Last Years”(wrote by Guo Jinrong, CCP History Publishing House, 2009) recorded Meng Jinyun’s experience of doing Mao’s dance partner, Meng once was an actress of Air Force Political Bureau Cultural Work Group. The book wrote: “Zhongnanhai's dance party, is like a bridge, contacting with these actress of Cultural Work Group and Zhongnanhai's influential persons, week after week, month after month, year after year."“Mao Zedong's Twilight Years”(wrote by Guo Jinrong, Cosmos Books Ltd, Hong Kong,1990) recorded Mengjin Yun’s recalls: “an ordinary actress of Air Force Political Bureau Cultural Work Group, because she is the figure could reach the sun (refer to Mao's dance partner), when her marriage in July 1971, there were huge crowd of people came to congratulate with gifts, even the small officials could not push in the marriage assembly hall, the compact cars were lined up several hundred meters. Wu Faxian (Commander of Air Force Army) in his book “Difficult Years" recalled: both Liu Shuyuan and Shao Jinhui are actresses of Political Bureau Cultural Work Group: because they are Mao’s dance partnere, so became the exceedingly high character, may ordered the Air Force commander Wu Faxian unexpectedly “to come as soon as called”. In Cultural Revolution beginning period, the Air Force Political Bureau Cultural Work Group was divided into two factions, Liu Shuyuan’s faction was absolute minority, and she was in difficulty. Liu met Mao to complain tearfully, afterward Liu was appointed to be director of the Air Force Political Bureau Cultural Work Group Revolutionary Committee. Wu Faxian had through Liu to verified Mao’s manner, this causes Commander Wu even more to take orders from Liu Shuyuan. So people secretly called her “Commander Liu (of the Air Force Army)”. Shao Jinhui had been appointed to be assistant director of the Air Force Political Bureau Cultural Work Group Revolutionary Committee, so people secretly called her “Commissar Shao”of the Air Force Army. Fan Daren, a Beijing University history teacher recalled, in 1973, three “strange” female students appeared in Beijing University history department, teachers did not know where they came from and did not know how to do with them, Afterward the University party committee had levelled that Mao arranged through Xie Jingyi, originally the three girls came from Zhejiang Province Cultural Work Group. Beijing University also had several female students directly by Mao mystically enrolled in. Also recalled according to CCP cadre Shen Rong, Mao also arranged his “girlfriends” through Zhou Enlai to study in Beijing Foreign Languages Institute. Ye Jianying and so on, the CCP “senior statesmen” had sent their children to college by “operates the back door”, Jiang Qing launched an attack about this; so on January 30, 1974, Ye Jianying did self-criticism to Mao, Mao on February 15 wrote letter to reply: “Comrade Jianying: This matter is really big, involves several million people. Operates the back door also to have good persons, comes from the front door also to have the bad persons, ….criticizing `Operates the back door’ may dilute criticizing Lin Biao and Confucius”. Mao explained it to Tang Wensheng and Wang Hairong: “Operates the back door ......I also am one, I send several girls to study in Beijing University,......Now I sent them to go to college, is also go the back door, I also have the bourgeois rights, I send them to, so little Xie (Xie Jingyi) has no alternative but to receive, these persons are not bad persons.” In 1971, Zhang Yufeng once had neglected one of Mao’s “guest”, Mao fiercely quarrelled with Zhang, so once Zhang was expelled out of Zhongnanhai by Mao. This “guest” was actually a “girlfriend” of Mao Ms. Chen, an actress of a Cultural Work Group. Afterward Ms. Chen had gone to Hong Kong, and disclosed this in a publication. Li Xiangzhi, was born in |
(1,2) Mao danced frequently, but the common people are forbidden dancing in Mao’s time. (3) Mao and his “family English tutor” Zhang Hanzhi(right), during the Culture Revolution Zhang was the deputy head of the Asian Bureau of Foreign Affairs Department, after Mao’s death Zhang was “isolated for examination” by CCP.（4）因为毛的日常生活糜烂不堪入目，所以毛对他身边工作人员制订的“守则”最重要的是“保密——不要说这里的情况”。
(1) Mao and Zhang Yufeng, in Tianjin, 1969. (2) Mao and Meng Jinyun, Mao’s confidential secretary. She was once Mao's dance partner, originally professional dancer of the Air Force Political Bureau Cultural Work Group. (3) In 1960s Mao sent Mengjin Yun his peom handwriting. (4) Xu Baofeng. “During the period of dancing with the central directorates”, wrote by Xu Baofeng, "HuaXia (China)" , 1998, the 11th issue, the article recorded, Xu in 1956 was 16 years old, a worker in Hangzhou Navy Sanatorium, she was Mao’s dance partner when Mao in Hangzhou. In 1959, she worked in Beijing Navy Politics Song-and-dance Troupe, afterward she often went to Zhongnanhai the State Council Ziguangge and so on to dance with Mao and the central authorities nearly every night. (5) Bai Shuxiang, actress of the Central Ballet Troupe, Mao saw her play "Swan Lake", and she did Mao’s dance partner many times. Jiang Qing took the ballet “Red Detachment of Women” as a revolutionary model operas, in the process Bai was labelled counter-revolutionary in 1966 and left stage; did heavy manual labor such as sweeped restroom or dug trench, and often was beencriticized. In 1973 only then difficultly transferred back the ballet troupe.
(1) Mao Zedong and Zhang Yufeng, his special train attendant, dance partner and confidential secretary and liaison officer. (2) In 1967 National Day, Mao and Sihanouk on Tiananmen, the right side the tall female is Zhang Yufeng, the short is Wu Xujun. Photo by Meng Zhaorui. (3) Xie Jingyi, stands behind Mao, the tall one. Xie was Mao’s confidential secretary for 17 years. Mao called her “little Xie”, also his dance partner. Mao personally appointed her to deputy secretary of Beijing Municipal CCP Committee. After Mao’s death, she was “isolated for examination” by CCP.
(1,2) Zuo Dabin, actress of Hunan Province Theatrical Troupe. In 1956 she performed in Beijing when was 13 years old, Mao had a liking for her. In 1959 Mao came Changsha, danced with her, they became friends. Once Mao arrived at Changsha, She performed in Yuanling County far away from Changsha, so had arranged vehicle let her to be Mao’s dance partner. Jiang Qing persecutes her, on August 4, 1973, People's Daily front page headline "Thorough Critique Poisonous weed ‘Song of th Gardeners’ ", because Zuo was the leading actor, she was detained to be criticized in 5000 persons meeting in Beijing Exhibition Center. Soon, Mao came Changsha, wanted to see Zuo Dabin as leading role "Song of the Gardeners". Accompanied person said that this was the poisonous weeds which criticized all the nation. Mao said: “What poisonous weed? I looked that is very good!” So this "Song of the Gardener" turned the fragrant flowers from the poisonous herb. There was a strict discipline, every person Mao private met, could not write in diary, not make photo. Therefore, Zuo’s only “souvenir” until now is half cigarette which when in a dance rest she acted like a spoiled child, snatched from Mao’s mouth. (3) "Strangle ‘Song of the Gardener’ Is to Usurp Party and Power". Hunan People's Publishing Agency, 1977.
(1) Lin Biao and his wife Ye Qun received the main valet staff of Maoand Jiang Qing. Gets up left: Yan Changgui, Wang Yuqing (Mao’s bodyguard), Xu Chunhua and Zhang Sulan (Jiang Qing’s nurse), Wang Baochun (Chen Boda’s Secretary), Wu Xujun, Ye Qun, Jiang Qing, Lin Biao, Dr. Li Zhisui,Xu Yefu (Mao’s confidential secretary), Sun Zhanlong (Jiang Qing’s bodyguard). Zhang Yufeng not in which. (2,3)In order to facilitate action with female companion, Mao often does not live in Beijing to go out on his special train to pass the night, or lives in his special villas in various provinces. Each time Mao goes out riding the special train, all other trains suspend, several thousand polices and soldiers protect him. Picture shows in July, 1967, Mao patrols in the south in his special train over night, puts on the night clothes to receive chief of the general staff Yang Chengwu outside his special train.
(4) On surface Mao asked Liu to be his "successor", in fact Mao took Liu as "China's Khrushchev"
(1) In September, 1961 Mao Zedong met with Britain Field Marshall Montgomery, said that Liu was his successor, and propagandized wantonly through the media. (2,3) Liu and Mao. (4) After the 8th Party Congress, Mao loudly speak about “class struggle”, “critique revisionism”, “vigilant Khrushchev” and so on, the aims is Liu, prevented him to get power.
(5) Mao supported Jiang Qing to rise in the political arena
Shanghai, entered theatrical troupes and so on. In October, 1934, was arrested in Shanghai by Kuomintang, released in December in the same year. She worked as actress “Lanping”as her stage name. In 1937 the fall arrived at Yenan, changed name to Jiang Qing, participated in actress activity. Mao married Yang Kaihui at the end of 1918. In October, 1927,Mao led a force arrived at Jinggang Mountain to “fight for power”, in May, 1928, Mao married with He Zizhen in Mt. Jinggang when left Yang Kaihui and his three sons. This time, Yang Kaihui's younger male cousin Yang Kaiming (because at that time the CCP depending on Soviet Russian funds, so-called joined CCP revolution was family-like) was CCP Hunan committee's representatives responsible for Mt Jinggang contacting with Changsha. Yang Kaiming opposed Mao’s marriage with He, afterward he went to Shanghai's CCP Central to complaine about it but without result. Yang Kaihui was killed in Changsha in November 14, 1930 by Kuomintang, when 29 years old. In autumn 1938, Mao left He and married with Jiang Qing in Yan’an, many CCP senior statesmen opposed, said Jiang Qing was not good because of her reputation in Shanghai; New Fourth Army leader Xiang Ying once gave telegram to CCP central strong oppose it. Mao said: “I will marry tomorrow, who can manage!” Kang Sheng supported Mao married with Jiang Qing, therefore Mao trusted Kang Sheng. But CCP Central Committee still had the necessity to limit Jiang Qing. Wang Refei (Secretary General of Central Committee) record: First, the husbands and wives relation of Mao and He was still not relieve, Jiang Qing could not pose as Madame Mao officially; Second, Jiang Qing was responsible to care Mao’s daily life and the health; Third, in 20 years Jiang Qing by all means was forbid to hold post of any duty in Party, and did not intervene inner-party affairs and participate in the political life. In summer 1951, Jiang Qing joined Ministry of Culture to organize the “Investigation of Wu Xun’s History”, participated draft "Military Wu Xun’s Historical Investigation”, Mao personally revised the draft, then published on People's Daily, made a “Criticise movie ‘Wu Xun Biography’ case”. In 1956, Jiang Qing became Mao’s secretary, in 1963, she led “Peking opera reform”, engaged in "model operas", and led “literary arts revolution”. |
(1) The handwriting of Lan Ping (Jiang Qing’s stage name when she was an actress). Jiang Qing learned Mao’s character handwriting began from Yan’an. (2,3) Jiang Qing copied to write Mao’s poems, a lot of people took them as Mao’s original handwriting to collect. (4) Jiang Qing copied to write Mao’s poem “To Answer Friend”, people did not know whether it is true or not Mao’s handwriting, a provincial “Lealers Reception Hotel”carved it on stone memorial. (5) On November 18, 1947, Jiang Qing generation used Mao’s name to wrtte to Wu Chuangguo (CCP labor movement early time leader); but Mao personally signed. It was once displayed in Chinese Revolution History Museum and printed in many publication. In addition also had many similar matters, on April 2, 1949, Jiang Qing used Mao’s name to reply Fu Zuoyi's letter, Mr. Fu treasured, afterward once was displayed in Chinese Revolution Military Museum; in 1966 Jiang Qing drafted Mao’s letter to Red Guard of Qinghua Attached Middle School, Mao revised and sent out.
（1）Mao and Jiang Qing in 1950s, this time she began to participate in national political activity. (2) Mao wrote the poem to Jiang Qing. (3) Mao ordered Jiang Qing to draft “Investigation of Wu Xun’s History", Mao personally revised and published in People's Daily, improved Jiang Qing’s reputation, she takes the post of member “Movie Direction Committee”, helped Mao to make a “Criticise movie ‘Wu Xun Biography’ case”. (4) Book: Thoroughly criticize reactionary movie "Wu Xun’s Biography".
(1) Movie "Wu Xun’s Biography", reflected in Qing Dynasty years a person with beggar family background running school. In December, 1950, after the movie screened, all over the country s published many praise articles. (2) On May 20, 1951, People's Daily published Mao’s “Pay attention to Discussion of Movie ‘Wu Xun’s Biography’”. It is the first time Mao launched criticizing movement in cultural domain after 1949. (3) Peking Opera Modern Drama Emulation Conference Proceeding, the 24th issue. In 1964 Mao instructed Jiang Qing to lead “Reform Peking opera modern drama”, in charge of the nation literary and artistic work. (4) "Jiang Qing And Movie ‘Wu Xun’s Biography’”. South Metropolis News. July 3, 2008. (5) In September, 1962, Indonesia President Sukarno’s wife Hartini visited China on the president Liu Shaoqi and Madame Wang Guangmei's invitation, Jiang Qing met Hartini as the status of Chairman Mao’s wife, and propagandized wantonly.
(6) Mao supported the rise of his nephew, Mao Yuanxin
Mao Yuanxin, born in 1941, son of Mao’s younger brother Mao Zemin and Zhu Danhua. Mao Zemin was killed by Xinjiang warlord in 1943. Afterward Zhu Danhua remarried with Fang Zhichun (Jiangxi Assistant Deputy Governor), Mao Yuanxin also lived along with Fang Zhichun in Nanchang. After 1951, Mao Yuanxin has been lived in Beijing Mao Zedong’s site. Mao Yuanxin In 1960 Mao Yuanxin read a semester in the Tsinghua University then transfered to study in Harbin Military Engineering Institute, winter and summer vacation returned to side of Mao Zedong; Mao Zedong to him is similar to the father and son. On July 5, 1964 Mao Zedong said to Mao Yuanxin: “Class struggle is your main subject. Your college should go to the countryside to do the `four clean-ups ', go to the factory to do the `Five Antis’”. The Education Ministry printed and distributed “Summary of Chairman Mao Talks with Mao Yuanxin”, henceforth the nation from elementary school to the universities took class struggle as a main subject. In 1965, Mao Yuanxin graduated from the Harbin Military engineering Institute, according to Mao’s order, Mao Yuanxin became a soldier. Because Mao thought that his successor should have the experience of army. |
(1) Mao and his son Mao Anying in Yan’an. Mao Anying returned from Soviet Union studying. Mao wanted Mao Anying to inherit his authority, already let him have experience of worker and farmer and soldier. while Mao Anying joined army unfortunate was killed by explosion in the North Korean battlefield. Mao’s other son Mao Anqing is not normal spirit, therefore Mao hoped that the nephew to be his successor. (2) Mao Zedong, Li Ne, Jiang Qing, Mao Yuanxin. (3) Mao Yuanxin, Mao Zedong, Jiang Qing, Li Ne. (4) Mao Zedong with Li Min, Li Ne, Mao Yuanxin lived in Xiangshan; photo by Xu Xiaobing.
(1) Mao Zedong and Mao Yuanxin. (2) Mao Zedong and Mao Yuanxin, Li Min, Li Ne. (3) In 1954 Mao Zedong and daughter Li Ne (right one), Li Min (right two), nephew Mao Yuanxin in the Beidaihe bathing place. (4) Mao Zedong and Li Min, Li Ne, Mao Yuanxin.
(1) Gets up left: Jiang Qing, Li Min, Li Ne, Mao Yuanxin, Mao Zerong, Mao Zedong, Li Ne, in Beijing Mao’s residence, 1956. (2) gets up left: Li Ne, Mao Zeqing wife Pang, Mao Zeqing, Mao Zedong, Jiang Qing, Mao Yuanxin, Li Min; Three children are Mao Zeqing the children. 1956. (2) After 1964, all nation’s universities and middle schools universal studied " Summary of Chairman Mao Talks with Mao Yuanxin”, “class struggle is your main subject”; built the foundation. Mao for Yuanxin boarded the political arena.
2. Mao began to compete with Liu, launched “socialist education movement (Four Clean-Ups movement)”
Mao's Great Leap Forward and so on caused the Chinese economy to collapse and starved to death the approximately 40,000,000 people. In 1961 Mao lets Liu Zhoudeng et al. hold the daily government affairs and the economic work, Mao evades the criticism which he should take responsibility. Carrying on Mao’s contrary policies, Liu made the progress to enjoy popular support. This time Mao lauched a movement to “oppose three winds” (dark wind, individual farming wind, reverse the verdict wind), dark meas someone said the socialism is dark, individual farming is Liu support while Mao advocate agricultural cooperation, “reverse the verdict” means reverse a verdict for Peng Dehuai. In surface Mao lets Liu hold power, also lets Liu’s wife participate in government in order to then Jiang Qing participate in government. Ms. Liu had made a rural reform and called “Taoyuan experience” which was everywhere propagandizes, Liu even said that “Chairman Mao's means were not already of use”. Mao was angry, he said “to say class struggle daily”, said that about 1/3 countryside political power had not in the communist’s hand, should purge these people. This is the socialist education movement (also calls “four clean-ups”, clear politics, clear economical, clear organization, clear thought). Mao started his contest with Liu, but Liu was still positive carried on the Four Clean-Ups movement. Mao public conflict with Liu and Deng when the CCP Central Committee’s work meeting at the end of 1964，about the Four Clean-Ups movement's, Mao insisted on “fight the capitalist-roader faction in the Party”, Liu insisted to resolve existing contradictions and did not raise to the “faction” which attacked persons too much. Mao and Liu quarrelled bitterly in the podium. In addition before the meeting, Deng Xiaoping thought that is the common meeting about working methods, so Deng said “Chairman Mao, your body is not so good, may not need to participate”. Next day of his quarrel with Liu, Mao arrived at the conference site, grasped a "CCP constitution" and "P.R.C Constitution" two booklets, interrogated Liu and Deng indignantly “I am a party member, I am a citizen, have I any right of a party member and a citizen? Now, a person (means Deng) does not let me attend the meeting, a person (means Liu) does not let me speak ......” The attendace felt helpless. When Ye Jianying said that “we have million People's Liberation Army, do not fear any monsters and freaks”, Mao said with a stern voice: “The monsters and freaks, are in present here!” The Four Clean-Ups movement is In fact a rehearsal for the Cultural Revolution. |
(1) Liu's reputation caught up with, even surpassed Mao
After the Great Leap Forward, Liu's prestige catched up with even surpassed Mao, People's Daily (also each provinces’ newspaper) of every year’s National Day, had printed portraits of Mao and Liu. The up row (1~5) respectively was the first page of People's Daily on October 1: 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962. Down row (1) 1963 People's Daily; (2) 1963 the Liberation Daily (Shanghai's party newspaper, other various provinces and cities' party newspaper were the same); (3~5) respectively was the first page of 1964, 1965, 1966 People's Daily on October 1. In 1966 the Cultural Revolution started, Liu’ portrait was deleted.
(1) From January 11, 1962 on, the expanded the CCP central working conference (7000 People meeting) was held. Gets up left: Zhou, Chen Yun, Liu, Mao, Deng in the meeting. Liu said the Great Leap Forward and the big famine were “seven point man-made disaster, three point disaster”, Mao and Liu quarrelled bitterly in the meeting, Mao unceasingly expanded his trusted subordinate in the conference, it extended to February 7 to adjourned. When in 1966 “Cultural Revolution”, Mao’s big-character poster (Bombard the Headquarters) , accusation Liu “stood in the reactionary bourgeoisie’s standpoint, implemented the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, crushed the proletariat imposing Cultural Revolution”, “related to 1962 Right Wing (means 7000 people meeting) and in 1964 ‘shape left but solid right’ (means “socialist education”) erroneous tendancy, these made people awaken to the truth”. Jiang Qing often said: “we could hold our breath in the 7000 people meeting”. (2) Liu spoke at 7000 people' meeting. (3) Zhu De spoke at 7000 people meeting. In the Cultural Revolution the Red Guards’ big-character poster said that Zhu De slandered “the People's commune did early, made a mess”. (4) Deng Xiaoping spokeat 7000 people meeting.
(2) All the country carried out class struggle and socialist education
In order to strengthen his authority, Mao utilized his “class struggle” philosophy, started from the countryside basic unit, carried on the “socialist education movement” (“four clean-ups”), observed other high-level leader's manner, “lures the snake from its hole”, found the suitable opportunity to remove his dissidents. Liu, Deng and so on did know Mao’s real strategies. Each regions tired the people and squanderd resources to carriy on the class struggle movement and socialist education. |
(1) CCP central document, on February 11, 1963. Mao’s decision in development “four clean-ups” movement in countryside (2) In 1963 socialist education movement, “four unclear” cadres were struggled in Dingxiang County Shanxi province. Photo by Ge Xinde. (3) In 1965 the urban vista, everywhere wrote Mao’s slogan about class struggle. (4) On May 12, 1965, in the “four clean-ups”, one of many “Struggle Assembly” was held in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province. A“rich farmer” Yuan Fengxiang (left) and a “bad element” Deng Guoxing (right) were labeled as enemy. (5) Socialist education movement in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia.
(1) In July, 1964, Xiaozhan People's commune, south of Tianjin, in the “socialist education”, a pronounce judgment meeting was convened. It made three party branches to labeled the “counter-revolutionary blocs”, and seized power. On October 24, 1964, the CCP Central Committee sent out a “Instruction about socialist education and struggle to seize power”, called the nation to study the experience of Xiaozhan people's commune. (2) a countryside class struggle mass rally conference site. (3) Socialist education propaganda in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province.
In the socialist education movement, all the cities and countryside were the slogans about do not forget class struggle, until now some outlying countrysides also retained these slogans.
(1) In 1964, “Suzhou countryside culture work team” propagandazed “socialist education” in Hengtang people's commune. (2) Suzhou Vitriol Factory Plant welcomed the countryside “poor peasant representatives” to give a speech about their experience “the socialist education” and “class struggle”. (3) In 1964, all the Suzhou middle-school students suspended classes, many time listen to “poor peasant representatives” recalling past suffering and carried on the discussion.
(1) In 1966 the third period “socialist education”,every countrysides clutched and fought the “four elements” (landlord, rich farmer, counter-revolutionary, bad element. In city had rightist therefore to call “five kinds of elements”, “five black categories”). (2) In March, 1965, in “four clean-ups”, a struggle congress in Ash people's commune, Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province. A young woman exposed the crime of a “rich farmer”: “M father had borrowed his money, he always urged my father to render back, bullied our poor peasants”. Photo by Li Zhensheng.（3）Fermers especially the young people“Eat rice bran and leaf to recall suffering before Liberation”, it was propagandazed that “Pre-liberation even these do not eat continually”, covered the fact in 1959-1962 years “big famine”.This education method were in vogue in the socialist education. (4) “Eat rice bran and leaf to recall suffering before Liberation” was even more vogue in Cultural Revolution.
(1) "Socialist Education Bulletin" of Shenyang Socialist Education Work Team, 1965. (2) "Liaoning Countryside Socialist education Bulletin" of CCP Liaoning Province Countryside Socialism Educated Office. January, 1966. (3) Picture-and-story book "Do not Forget Class struggle". (4)Picture poster "Do not Forget Class struggle". (5) Liberation Army Daily editorial"Do not Forget Class struggle".
(1) Introduction of Tibet Class Education Exhibition. (2) “Militiaman Politics Study Material of Socialist Education”. Edited by Jiangsu Provincial Military Region Political Department. (3) “Do not forget the class struggle—Introduction of Shandong Province Cass education Exhibition". 1964. (4) "Liaoyuan Coal Mine Class Education Material Collection". 1965. (4) Shandong Province Class Education Exhibition Proceeding. 1964. (5) “Class Education Reference”. Edited by Fuzhou Military Region Political Department. 1965.
(1) "Socialist Education Propaganda Pictures" Volume 1. Liaoning Arts Publishing House, 1964. (2) Envelope was printed Mao’s “highest instruction” : “As soon as do class struggle get the results immediately”. (3,4) Medal “Do not forget the class struggle”, Shaanxi Province Class Education Exhibition Commemoration. Frontage and reverse side.
(1,2) "Do not Forget Class struggle - Tianjin Hongqiao District Santiaoshi History Museum Class Education Display" and the synopsis. (3) Tangshan Class Education Exposition Model. (4) the Picture poster “Never forget the class struggle”.
（3）Ms. Liu's "Taoyuan experience"
In order to let Jiang Qing take part in government, Mao intends let Liu Shaoqi’s wife Wang Guangmei to mount the political arena first. In November, 1963, Wang Guangmei participated in the Hebei provincial CCP committee’s “four clean-ups” work team, as leader of Taoyuan village’s Work Team. On July 5, 1964, Wang Guangmei gave a speech in the Hebei provincial CCP committee’s workshop, introduced her experience of Taoyuan village’s socialist education movement. On August 27, 1964, Mao wrote “Print and distribute this (“Taoyuan experience”) first, each comrade discuss about this, if everybody agree, then send to all the nation. I agree with Comrade Chen Boda and Liu Shaochi’s opinion. Please Deng Xiaoping manage it.” On September 11, 1964, CCP Central Committee of the sent out a document, promoted the “Taoyuan experience”. Actually Wang Guangmei did class struggle in Taoyuan and wrote into “experience”, it was basically done according to Mao’s instruction. But afterward Mao contradicted himself, put Jiang Qing up to launch others criticize “Taoyuan experience”, criticized Wang Guangmei, disintegrated Liu Shaoqi's influence gradually. |
(1) Liu Shaoqi responded Mao’s summons, actively promoted all the nation to develop socialist education movement, not clear that Mao was deploying strategy to eliminates him. (2) A group photo before the Cultural Revolution: Wang Guangmei, Zhou Enlai’s wife Deng Yingchao, Jiang Qing. (3) A seizing-power struggle meeting in the “socialist education” movement, afterward in the Cultural Revolution continued to use this kind to seizing power struggle way. (4) CCP Central Committee document: “CCP Central Committee comment the Summarizes about a Production Brigade's Socialist Education Movement's Experience". 1964. (Means to promote “Taoyuan Experience”).
“Taoyuan Investigation Rreport --Expose Liu Shaoqi & Wang Guangmei’s counter-party counter-socialism counter-Mao Zedong Thought monstrous crimes in the socialist education movement” . By Red Guards Shanghai East Rebellion Group (At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution). But Actually Liu Shaoqi & Wang Guangmei were carrying out Mao’s instructions faithfully.
(1) Wang Guangmei did the “socialist education” in Taoyuan Village, did on large scale class struggle according to Mao’s intention, divided the farmers’ “social class”. (2) “Thoroughly Eradicate the Taoyuan Black Experience”. By Shanghai Spinning and Weaving Cadre School Red Guards. (3) “Taoyuan Investigation Rreport --Expose Liu Shaoqi & Wang Guangmei’s counter-party counter-socialism counter-Mao Zedong Thought monstrous crimes in the socialist education movement”. By Red Guards Shanghai East Rebellion Group . (4) “Pierce Wang Guangmei's Evildoer's Disguise”. “Fine Arts Combat Report". 1966.
(1) In 1965 winter, the second period of countryside socialist education, a village struggle enemy assembly criticized the “brigade chief” “four unclears”, Ning’an people's commune, Bayan County, Heilongjiang Province. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2) In 1965, one of many “Four Clean-ups Struggle Enemy Assembly” was held in Ashehe People's Commune, Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province. Afterward in Cultural Revolution was similarly like this way. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (3) In August, 1966, “Commemoration the great socialist education movement victory conclusion” of a Work Team. In fact the “socialist education movement” did not matter the end or not end, this time Mao thought that the condition of overthrowing “China's Khrushchev” was ripe, the originally already sent out “the socialist education work teams” (cadres，managerial staffs) now dismissed hurriedly to return city to do “Cultural Revolution”.
（4）The project “Reforming Mountain Tai by Mao Zedong Thought”
In response to Mao’s instruction “talking about the class struggle every day”, in April, 1965, Shandong Province changed China’s traditional culture Holy Land “Dai Temple” in to “Class Education Exhibition of Tai'an District”, all the buildings of “Dai Temple” had made as the exhibition rooms. The huge portraits of Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi were hung on the front gate. “Quotations from Chairman mao” covered the Taishan idols and statues. 38 steles in the courtyard were overthrowed. After Mao's death, had to spend huge amounts of money to restore to the original appearance. |
China’s traditional culture Holy Land “Dai Temple” near Mt. Tai in Shandong, was changed in to “Class Education Exhibition of Tai'an District”. Mao’s statues, quotations and portraits covered everywhere.
(5) A class struggle education project, revolutionary clays "Rent Collection Courtyard", tired the people and wasted resources
The CCP Spent huge manpower and financial resource, created “class struggle story” for stupefying education. In June, 1965, Sichuan provincial CCP committee instructed that the teachers and students of Sculpture Dept. in Sichuan Fine Arts Academy to carriy on creating a false landlord Liu Wencai’s image in Sichuan Dayi County. Liu Wencai was a real person here and now it was said that he was not so bad. After spent money and the manpower including the sculptors, a famous clay statues group “Rent Collection Courtyard” was completed in Dayi County. It was naned the “Landlord Manor Exhibition Hall”, later named “Sichuan Provincial Class Struggle Education Exhibition Hall”. Liu Wencai died in 1949 because of pulmonary tuberculosis. In 1964, the exhibition commentary of “Rent Collection Courtyard” said that Liu Wencai was scared to death by the revolution atmosphere; in Cultural Revolution, 1969, the commentary changed to “Liu Wencai was executed legally, it was the great satisfaction of the people. But China's Khrushchev Liu Shaoqi was desperately advocated 'exploitation of active' and the `class struggle was extinguished', attempted to reverse a verdict for all exploiting class. It is really the heinous crime; Down with Liu Shaoqi! Overthrow the landlord class!” After the fall of Lin Biao, the “Rent Collection Courtyard” became the “battlefield and classroom of criticizing Lin Biao and Confucius”, the commentary changed to: “Liu Wencai was executed legally, it was the great satisfaction of the people. But Confucius's faithful follower Lin Biao actually indulged in unbridled propaganda the `justice, humanity and loyally’, attempted to reverse a verdict for all exploiting class. We are determined not accept! Down with Lin Biao! Overthrow Confucius!” In Mao’s time, the “Revolutinary Mass” all over the country were arranged to visit the “Rent Collection Courtyard” to accept the class struggle education. After Mao's death, “Rent Collection Courtyard” already became a waste, now some people diligently changed it into a tourist attraction scenic site. |
(1) People all over the country were arranged to visit the “Rent Collection Courtyard” to accept the “class struggle education”.。（2）The clay statues group in the “Rent Collection Courtyard”.
The clay statues group in the “Rent Collection Courtyard”. The poor peasant captured the alive landlord Liu Wencai.
3. Lin Biao vigorously implemented learning "Quotations of Mao" in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, while Mao called “Whole nation learn from the PLA”
Khrushchev in Soviet countered Stalin’s personality cult, in China Liu Shaoqi, Peng Dehuai and so on also advocates counter-personality cult. Zhou Enlai and Chen Yun et al. once mentioned “counter advanced recklessly”, Mao became angry, criticized them harshly and forced them to make the self-criticism. In August, 1959,CCP Lushan conference, Lin Biao and so on coordinated Mao to overthrow Peng Dehuai positively, so Lin Biao came to power and managed the army, did the personality cult in large scale, People's Liberation Army “studies the Chairman Mao’s work” became a movement, then Mao proposed that “whole nation learn from the PLA”. In May, 1966 Lin Biao said in the Central Political Bureau enlarged meeting: “Chairman Mao's every sentence is the truth, one sentence surpasses our ten thousand sentences.” “If anyone do Khrushchev's secret report, certainly is the careerist, whole party whole country execute him,” In May, 1961 Lin Biao instructed that in the front page "Liberation Army Daily" printed “quotations from Chairman Mao” daily, then People's Daily and national various publications and daily did so. In August, 1965, a “Little Red Treasure Book”-- “Quotations from Chairman Mao” (Lin Biao instructed to compiled) was issued and distributed, in the “Cultural Revolution”, each province and city printed it according the population, achieved each person (including baby) a copy. |
(1) The PLA greatly engaging in “study Chairman Mao’s works”
（1，2，3）Elaborate propaganda photo, Lei Feng study “Mao Zedong’s Works”. Lei Feng is a mode that Mao and Lin Biao established for the people all over the country to learn from since 1963. (4) Group photo of the Navy Study Chairman Mao Works Activist Congress.
(1) Railway Corps fiveth Division Study Mao’s Work Activist Representatives Assembly. August, 1964. (2) In 1964, Mao received the representatives of “Air Force Army Study Mao’s Works Activist Representatives Assembly”. (3) In 1964, Mao, Lin Biao and Zhou Enlai received the People's Liberation Army Study Mao’s Works Activist Representatives. (4) Mao many times received Liao Chujiang and so on Study Mao’s Works Activists.
(1) Picture-and-story book “Story of Study Chairman Mao’s Works”. 1964. (2) "Study Chairman Mao’s Works Activist, Huang Zushi". (3) "Study Chairman Mao’s Works Activist, Huang Zushi’. (3) "Study Chairman Mao’s Works Activist, Feng Fusheng”. (4) “Study Chairman Mao’s Works Activist, Liao Chujiang”.
(2) Mao called “all the naotin learn from the PLA”
(1) "Whole Nation Must Must Learn From People's Liberation Army”. Shandong People's Publishing Agency. 1964. (2) a countryside house in Fengshun County, Guangdong Province, in 1959 it was written a slogan “leapt forward, leapt forward, leaps forward again!” In 1964 it was rewrited slogan “Whole nation need to study the People's Liberation Army”, because the time long passed, appeared two slogans overlaping. (3) Propaganda material “Whole Nation Must Leaer from the People's Liberation Army".1964. (4) Picture poster "Learn From the People's Liberation Army, Realized Revolutionization". 1964.
(3) All the country vigorously engaging in “study Mao’s quotations (precious red book)”
(1) In May, 1964 Suzhou City held “The first Study Mao’s Works Activist Congress”, and stipulated that each institution the city and district used time to study Mao’s works may not less than 8 hours every week, whole city set up more than 2000 “study Mao’s works groups”. This is a worker “study Mao’s works group”. (2) “Dazhai Village farmers in Shanxi province desire strongly to study Mao’s works”. (3) In 1965, Fujian Provincial CCP Committee Party School Studied Mao’s Works Group. (4) In Xuzhou Chemical Plant, Ding Shouli group insisted daily studies Mao’s works.
(1) Workers insisted daily to study Chairman Mao’s works.on the work site. (2) “Raise New High Tide of Study Mao’s Works”. 1965. (3) “Story of Study Chairman Mao’s Works”. China Youth Publishing House, 1965. (3) “Guidance of Study Chairman Mao’s Works”. (5) “Earnestly Study Chairman Mao’s Works”. 1965.
(1) “Introduce Experience of Li Suwen’s Study Chairman Mao’s Works”. (2) “Model of Study Chairman Mao’s Works, Red Ninth Company". Jilin People's Publishing Agency, 1965. (3) "Wall Chart of Study Chairman Mao’s Works”.1965. (4) “Respond Comrade Lin Biao’s Summon, Firmly Push to New High Tide of LivelyStudy Chairman Mao’s Works Mass Movement”. Hunan People's Publishing Agency. 1966. (4) Yuanping County Study Chairman Mao’s Work Activist Meeting Materials, Yang Mei Ling:”Mao Zedong Thought Guide to Kill Pig”. (5) Study materials "To Defeat Disease with the Mao Zedong Thought".
(1) On May 1, 1964, People's Liberation Army General Political Department edited “Quotations from Chairman Mao”, the first edition was published, the front pages were Mao’s portrait and Lin Biao inscribing “Read Chairman Mao's book, listen to Chairman Mao's words, handle affairs according to Chairman Mao’s Instructions,” (2,3) Lin Biao instructed that "Liberation Army Daily" in 1961 started to print “Quotations from Chairman Mao” and Mao’s portrait daily in the front page. Afterward People's Daily and all publications and daily all the country did so.(4) All the nation’s city and countryside, the house's wall had to write “Quotations from Chairman Mao”, now the outlying countryside also had remains.
（1，2，3）All the nation’s city and countryside, the house's wall had to write “Quotations from Chairman Mao”, now the outlying countryside also had remains,（4）(4) Hospital registration card was printed “Quotations from Chairman Mao”.
(1) Farmers studied Chairman Mao’s works every evening. (2) Guangdong Province study Mao’s works activist, Zuo Feng, a production brigade leader in Nanhai County, party chief the left lead the farmers to study “Quotations from Chairman Mao”. 1965. (3) Workers study “Quotations from Chairman Mao” with a lively mind.
(4) In order to set up the authority of Mao’ works, brutally eliminatee the dissidents
(1) Yang Xianzhen in 1966. Yang was the principal of CCP Central Party School, Marxism theory authority. His “two is made one” theory counterposed with Mao’s “one divides into two” theory and “contradiction theory”, therefore he and others encountered the brutal persecution from 1964 to the Cultural Revolution. (2) Sun Dingguo. assistant director of the CCP Central Party School, philosopher. Once he positively participated in criticizing Liang Shuming and Hu Feng and so on “reactionary thought”. Mao’s trusted subordinate Kang Sheng posed as the theoretician, did not accommodate Yang Xianzhen and Sun Dingguo et al. the others philosophers, in 1963 Sun Dingguo was expelled from the party school, worked in Xi'an. Kang Sheng had also issued “internal control use” to him. Kang Sheng initiates the critique “two is made one” theory, Sun Dingguo was interrogated. On December 19, 1964 Central Party School congress, Chen Boda (afterward was “central Great Cultural Revolution group leader’) said that Sun Dingguo was a “adulteration philosopher”, “big bastard”, “big hoodlum”, “big swindler”, and spits the saliva on. his face. Several days later he was compelled to commit suicide, 54 years old. Kang Sheng in 1956 entrusted Sun Dingguo to write a meeting speaking for him, in 1967 (Sun died for 3 years), Kang Sheng,“Central Cultural Revolution Group consultant”, said “someone said my speech text on ‘CCP 8th Congress’ was written by Sun Dingguo, the big bastard, big hoodlum and swindler, this is a pure rumor, slander!”. (3) “Critique reactionary philosophic thinking ‘two combine into one’”. CCP Gansu Provincial Committee Propaganda Department. 1964. (3) “Thoroughly criticize Liu Shaoqi and Yang Xianzhen's reactionary philosophy”. Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1971. (4) “Liu Shaoqi’s tool the “philosophy authority” Yang Xianzhen’s counter-revolutionary revisionism opinions”. Contact Committee of Beijing Critique Bourgeoisie Reactionary Academic Authority, 1967.
4．Mao re-climb Mountain Jinggang, determined to overthrow Liu soon
Lin Biao did the personality cult get in the upsurge, Mao’s absolute authority had established. Mao’s conditions of intention of eliminating Liu Shaoqi and so on dissidents and family members taking over power were ripe. On May 21, 1965, Mao and Wang Dongxing embarked from Changsha, arrived at Jinggang Mountains where he had long separated 38 years. Mao in his life had lived in many places, however he insisted on to visit his familiar place once more, probably was only this Jinggang Mountain. He was highly excited here, wrote several poems to eulogize Jinggang Mountain, he wrote “We can clasp the moon in the Ninth Heaven, And seize turtles deep down in the Five Seas: Nothing is hard in this world, If you dare to scale the heights.” Expressed his happy feeling that after making significant strategic decision and would win. On May 29, Mao reluctantly left Jinggang Mountains by car, then transfered his special train to arrive Nanchang. In Nanchang, Mao was still excited, also wrote a poem to eulogize Nanchang. He was so excited in a poetic mood, probably his life only in this period. Mao in his life several critical moments has said “At the worst I go on Jinggang Mountains”. |
（1，2，3，4）Photos of Mao zedong Reascending Jinggang Mountain, 1965. (5) Mao’s poetry draft manuscript when he reascending Jinggang Mountain, he wrote three poems to eulogize Jinggang Mountain.（6）“Nothing is hard in this world, If you dare to scale the heights.” –Joint New Year's Day Editorial of People's Daily, "Red Flag" magazine and Liberation Army Daily in 1976. In the “Cultural Revolution”, CCP used the poem which Mao wrote in Mt. Jinggang to encourage the people.
5. Jiang Qing was in charge of the drama reform and “literary revolution”, acted to criticize "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", opened the “cultural revolution” prologue
In 1951，Mao lets Jiang Qing hold the deputy Chief of Literature and Art Division of Culture Ministry. She led the country to criticize the film "Wu Xun", used the politics criticizing to substitute regular literature and art and academic criticizing, in fact she attacked the famous director and actors those who she was privately jealous when she was actres in Shanghai in 1930s. In 1964, she was in charge of drama reformation. In 1965, Mao instructed Jiang Qing to contact with Lin Biao and Lin’s wife frequently, Lin Biao commissioned Jiang Qing to hold a seminar on the military art. In February 1966, Jiang Qing in Shanghai organizated to write a “Summary of Comrade Lin Biao commissioned Comrade Jiang Qing to hold the seminar on the military literature and art”. On April 10, 1966, CCP Central Committee approved Jiang Qing’s “Summary”. Jiang led a number of dramatic adaptation, made several "revolutionary model operas”. Mao many times led the CCP Politburo members to watch and support these "revolutionary model operas”. In 1960, Mao advocated to learn Hai Rui’s spirit in the central working conference. Wu Han, Deputy Mayor of Beijing and renowned scholar, responded Mao’s summon, in 1960 wrote a historical drama "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", this play performed more than four years, the audience responded warmly. The drama had not related with Peng Dehuai dismissing from office. At the beginning of 1965, Mao let Jiang Qing conspire in Shanghai to write an article to criticize "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", the article was revised ten manuscripts, Mao examined and approved personally repeatedly. On November 10, 1965, Shanghai "Wenhui Daily" published the article which said that the drama was “reverse a verdict for Peng Dehuai”. Mao said: “In Beijing, I speaks nobody to listen, therefore it organizes to write the article to cretisize ‘Hai Rui Dismissed from Office’ in Shanghai.” Mao intended to reprint the article in all newspapers in the country to attack these “not obedient persons” in Beijing, therefore at the beginning of 1966, it lauched from criticizing "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" on, became criticizing CCP Beijing Municipal committee and the CCP Central Committee’s Propaganda Department'. The “Cultural Revolution” therefore had opened the prologue. |
(1) In December, 1963, Liu Shaoqi and so on received the “Fire in Reedy Lake” dramatic team members of the Shanghai Theatrical Troupe. (2) In 1964 Jiang Qing led the Beijing Opera Troupe to reorganize the outstanding Shanghai opera “Fire in Reedy Lake” into Beijing opera. On 1964 July 23, Mao and Liu Shaoqi and others watched the performance, the second day each newspaper published “Mao Zedong led the party and state leaders to watch the large-scale modern revolutionary Beijing opera ‘Fire in Reedy Lake’, Mao Zedong and his wife Jiang Qing the party and state leaders took group photo with all the actors”. Mao said that in the reedy lake is water, how the revolutionary fire could set prairie afire? After Mao’s suggest this drama renamed for "Sha Jia Bang", and it was one of Jiang Qing’s eight or nine “revolutionary model Dramas”. (4) Stamp: revolutionary modern Beijing opera "Sha Jia Bang".
(1) On April 19, 1964, Mao and Kang Sheng received the dramatic team members of “Surprise Attack the White Tiger Regiment” which Jiang Qing was in charge of the revolutionary model drama. (2) Mao, Jiang Qing and Zhou Enlai received the People's Liberation Army soldiers and the actors of revolutionary model dramas. (3) In June, 1965, Jiang Qing in Shanghai received the dramatic team members of the revolutionary model drama “Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”.
(1) Wu Han and his wife Yuan Zhen. Wu Han, author of “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office”, deputy mayor of Beijing, history professor of Beijing University. After the critisizing the drama, he suffered brutal interrogate, in March, 1968 was put in prison, on October 11, 1969 was persecuted to death. His wife Yuan Zhen on March 18, 1969, was persecuted to death. Their adopted daughter Wu Xiaoyan on September 23, 1976 committed suicide in the prison. 2,3) On November 10, 1965 Shanghai "Wenhui Daily" published “Comment New Historical drama ‘Hai Rui Dismissed from Office’”. This article was Mao instructed Jiang Qing organized Yao Wenyuan et al. in Shanghai to write, Mao examined and approved personally. (3) Mao instructed that on November 10, 1965 People's Daily reprinted “Comments New\Historical drama‘Hai Rui Dismissed from Office’”. Every newspapers must reprint it. (4) At the end of 1960, famous actor Ma Lianliang (right) performed "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" in Beijing Nationalities Cultural Palace. In 1966, Ma Lianliang was persecuted until death, at the age of 65 years old.
6. "Honeymoon period" of joint management of Mao and Lin’s families (1965-1969)
In 1965 Mao instructed Jiang Qing to launch the opera “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office” in Shanghai, this time Lin Biao and Ye Qunchang lived in Suzhou and Shanghai, Jiang Qing contacted Lin’s family closely. In March, 1965, Jiang Qing arranged specially to perform opera "The Red Lantern" for Lin’s family, she beforehand on-spot checked the conditions and said: “Lin was held in great respect, he always has the same sickness with me, fears wind. The temperature must control well.” In rehearsing drama “Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”, Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao said: “this drama should highlight Lin Biao”. On January 22, 1966, Lin Biao said to the PLA political department: “Yesterday comrade Jiang Qing came to Suzhou talked to me. She is very strong in the literary and artistic work aspect…We must seriously implement Comrade Jiang Qing's instruction in ideology and organizations”. On April 10, 1966 the CCP central sent out “Summary of Comrade Lin Biao commissioned Comrade Jiang Qing to hold the seminar on the military literature and art ” which Mao three times revised. This summary said that “a counter-party counter-socialism's black line occupied our literary and art circles since the founding of P.R.China.” It provide the rationale for Culture Revolution’s denial the “February Outline” and overthrow Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi and so on. In May, 1967 Mao ordered all the media published Jiang Qing’s article “On Peking Opera Revolution”. In Junr to July, 1966, when Mao was in a life of “seclusion” in Shaoshan “Dishui Cave“and Wuhan, he wrote a letter to Jiang Qing said that Lin Biao had his own ambition, but Mao had to use Lin Biao to overthrow Liu Shaoqi to realize his imperial authority plan, clasp with Lin’s family, Jiang Qing obtained the title “cultural revolution standard-bearer”, Lin Biao and his wives fished the power authority to start to build their authority system. Zhou Enlai, Kang Sheng and so on had distinguished service for the process of Mao and Lin joint management. |
(1) Joint management of both Mao and Lin’s families is important condition for launching the Cultural Revolution
(1) Lin Biao and Jiang Qing. Jiang Qing contacted closely with Lin Biao’s family. (2) Group photo: Li Ne (Mao and Jiang Qing's daughter), Jiang Qing, Lin Liheng (Doudou, Lin Biao and Ye Qun’s daughter) and Ye Qun. (3) Ye Qun, Jiang Qing and Lin Biao. (4) Lin Biao and Jiang Qing on conference chairman's podium.
(1,2) Mao and his “close comrade-in-arms” Lin Biao. 1966 (3) In 1966, Mao and Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng and so on “close comrade-in-arms”.
(1) Mao, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and so on received the Red Guards. August 31, 1966. (2) Jiang Qing put on military uniform to inspect the Red Guards. Photo by Li Zhensheng. October 18, 1966. (3) Liu Shaoqi and Jiang Qing on Tiananmen. 1966. (4) In 1966 Mao received Gu Atao. Lin Biao’s wife Ye Qun in 1965 did “socialist education” in Taicang County, Jiangsu Province, she discovered that a local illiterate woman Gu Atao could recite many “quotations from Chairman Mao”, Ye Qun propagandazed her as “pacemaker of study Mao’s works” in all country. Mao and Ye appointed Gu Atao “representative of the CCP’s 9th Congress”.
(1,2,3) in 1967, Lin Biao and Zhou Enlai always picked a “Little Red Treasure Book”(Mao’s quotations) followed Mao. (2) On May 1, 1967 Zhang Chunqiao, Jiang Qing, Yao Wenyuan, Zhou Enlai and Mao on Tian An Men.
(2) Jiang Qing became “"standard-bearer of the Cultural Revolution”
(1) In 1967 "Red Flag" magazine and all the CCP’s media re-published Jiang Qing in 1964’ s article “On Peking Opera Revolution”. (2) "Jiang Qing: On Peking Opera Revolution” English Edition. 1968. (3) Handicraft: Mao Zedong Thought Occupy the Literary Stage. (4) In 1966, the literary and art workers lifting the models of “Summary of Comrade Lin Biao commissioned Comrade Jiang Qing to hold the seminar on the military literature and art” paraded at the Tiananmen Square celebration.
(1,2) Mao instructed Lin Biao let Jiang Qing to be in charge of the literary and artistic work. On April 10, 1966 the CCP central sent out “Summary of Comrade Lin Biao commissioned Comrade Jiang Qing to hold the seminar on the military literature and art ” which Mao three times revised.Afterward All newspapers and magazines re-published, and printed the pamphlet massively. (3) “Summary of Comrade Lin Biao commissioned Comrade Jiang Qing to hold the seminar on the military literature and art”, English edition, translated by British lineage scholar Gladys Yang, Chinese scholar Yang Xianyi's wife. She did not agree this article about overthrow completely the Chinese and foreign cultural heritage, she wrote on the translation manuscript: “you want dig your ancestor's ancestral grave, you can dig. You cannot dig the foreigner ancestral grave.” (4,5) “Long live Chairman Mao's Revolution Literary and artistic line”. Music Publishing House. 1968. It has the dance and songs “Sing Summary of Comrade Lin Biao commissioned Comrade Jiang Qing to hold the seminar on the military literature and art” and “Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing” and so on. (6) After Mao’s death, in 1979 the CCP Central Committee issued the document "The CCP Central Committee Notice about abolishing Jiang Qing’s Summary of Army Literary and artistic work”.
(1) Mao second times interviewed revolution model play "Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" dramatic team in personnels, 1967. Mao said “all the cultural system are not in our hand”, so let Jiang Qing be in charge of the literary arts work. Jiang Qing completely banned all the country’s drama, only lefted 8 to 9 dramas which she instructed others to reorganize as the “revolutionary model dramas” to performance. Mao supported Jiang Qing to do the “model dramas”. (2) Mao many times received the dramatic team personnels of the revolutionary model drama “White-Haired Girl". (3) Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng and "White-Haired Girl" dramatic team. In 1967 summer, after Mao watch revolution model ballet "White-Haired Girl", People's Daily’s front page published the news and picture, the Central News Record Studio photographed the documentary film "Red Sun Illuminated Ballet Stage". These calculated as Jiang Qing's merit.
(1) Mao interviewed all actors of the “revolutionary model drama” “Harbor”. June, 1967. (2) Jiang Qing spoke in the capital Red Guard Representative Assembly. 1967. Photo by Gu Dehua. (3) Jiang Qing and Zhou Enlai and so on were agitating the Red Guards to carry on the Cultural Revolution.
(1) Jiang Qing agitated the young students to revolt. (2) On August 7, 1967 Jiang Qing received Han Aijing, Red Guard chieftain of Beijing Aeronautical institute. (4) Jiang Qing received Kuai Dafu, Red Guard chieftain of Tsinghua University.
(1) Poster "Sea Navigation Depends on Helmsman, Does Revolution depending on the Mao Zedong Thought". (2) Red Guard mimeographs publicity “Vow to fight to the death for the security of Cultural Revolution's great standard-bearer comrade Jiang Qing”. (3) “Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing”. Kaifeng Teachers' College 8.24 Revolution Rebellion Committee. (4) “Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing, Salute to Comrade Jiang Qing”. Heilongjiang Province People's Art Center Red Rebellion Group. September, 1967.
(1,2) Different editions "Central Authorities Chiefs Approve Jiang Qing" (Chiefs: Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and so on). (2) “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution's standard-bearer Comrade Jiang Qing” (3) “Saluteto Comrade Jiang Qing Who Made Brilliant Contribution for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”. “Communication Bulletin”. Shanghai Opera Institute “Revolutionary Building”. March 24, 1967.
Commemorative badge (1) “Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing, Salute to Comrade Jiang Qing”. Tianjin Literary Arts System Revolutionary Committee. (2) “Learn and Salute to Comrade Jiang Qing”. Wuhan Chu Theatrical Troupe
(1) “Long live Chairman Mao’s revolutionary literary and artistic line successfully, revolutionary model drama movies screen for the workers, peasants and soldiers”. (2) “Long live Chairman Mao’s revolutionary literary and artistic line successfully,--Revolutionary model drama movies collective showing”. (3) The piano accompanies “The Red Lantern”.
(1) “Salute to Cultural revolution's Great Standard-bearer Comrade Jiang Qing”, Yunnan, mimeographs publicity. (2) Newspaper “Great standard-bearer, dauntless soldier—chronicle of Jiang Qing struggles in the literary and artistic line”. (3) “Great standard-bearer, dauntless soldier—Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing, special collection”. Yunnan Province Commercial Bureau 8.23 fighting corps. (1) "Great Standard-bearer and Glory's Example - Chairman Mao And Central authorities Revolutionary struggle facts ".
A variety of poster touted and flattered Jiang Qing.
(1) “Salute to the cultural revolution great standard-bearer--Comrade Jiang Qing”.Shanxi People's Publishing Agency Red Flag Amy Corps. (2) "Salute to Cultural Revolution Great Standard-bearer Comrade Jiang Qing”. Mimeographs publicity. (3) “Great standard-bearer, glory flag--Comrade Jiang Qing’s opinion”. (4) “Salutes to Cultural Revolution's Standard-bearer Comrade Jiang Qing" (5) Poster "Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing, Salute to Comrade Jiang Qing”.
A variety of Commemorative Mao’s badge with “Vow to fight to the death Defends Comrade Jiang Qing".
(3) Mao’s letter to Lin Biao “the may seventh directive”, Lin Biao “The whole Country should become a great school of Mao Zedong Thought”
On May 7, 1966, Mao wrote a letter to Lin Biao, it was called “May 7 instruction”. Mao through Lin Biao summoned that People's Liberation Army should be a big school, the nation should become revolutionized big school. Lin Biao said very wisely: The whole Country should become a great school of Mao Zedong Thought (means China become Mao and Lin’s dictatorship world). On August 1, 1966 People's Daily published editorial “The whole Country should become a great schole of Mao Zedong Thought”. On May 7, 1967 People's Daily published the editorial “Certainly the whole country should become a great schole of Mao Zedong Thought”. In August, 1966 Jilin Normal University changed name as “Jilin Maoism Education University”, Tsinghua University Attached Middle School changed name as “Red Guards Fighting School”, all the nation diligently avowed their local, profession, factory and so on all the units had become Mao Zedong Thought School. All the national rebels responded Mao’s summon when they seized power to set up “new political powers”, many “new political powers” named as “Great Mao Zedong Thought School XX province XX county”, Shanghai named as the “Shanghai Commune”, Heilongjiang named as “Harbin Commune”, Henan named as “February7 Commune” and so on, and all the “Communes” such as Henan “Fefruary 7 Commune Manifestos” said: “build our Commune to be great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. In November, 1967 Inner Mongolia Revolution Committee was founded, its directed subordinate organ was called as the “General School of Mao Zedong Thought School” and its subordinate Districts were called the “first (second, third, fourth, fifth… ) branch school of Mao Zedong Thought School. Actually the “May 7 Instruction” and “Great Mao Zedong Thought School” just is the noun which was a rage and farce for a while, as soon as “honeymoon time” of Mao and Lin’s joint management was over, the noun and this farce thorough vanished. |
(1) “People's Liberation Army should be a big school” the slogan of Mao now still remained in the outlying countryside. (2) Shanghai Culture Circle “May Seventh Cadre School”. According to Mao’s “May 7 Instruction” each province, city and county must set up the “May Seventh Cadre School” in countryside. It was not a school, it gradually became the “farm for reform through labor” for cadres especially for the punished cadres. (3) Cadres in “May 7 Cadre School” lined up to carry on the agriculture labor. But on the surface goal of the “school” was to be “Mao Zedong Thought big school”
(1) “May 7 soldiers” (cadres who was released or to be punished) expressed that “walks on glory Chairman Mao's May 7 road steadfastly”. (2) “Go forward courageously along Chairman Mao’s May seventh Instruction road!” the slogan on the countryside wall remains in Guangdong Puning County. (3) Poster “Forge valiantly ahead along the road of glory Chairman Mao's May 7 Instruction”.
(1) Poster “Chairman Mao's May seventh Instruction". (2) Poster “May seventh Instruction Shows Flourishes Forever". (3) Studies material: " Courageously Advance along Glory Chairman Mao's May 7th Instruction Road ". (4) Study material: “Long live Glory May seventh Instruction”.
(1) “To build our army into a great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. (2) “The whole Country should become a great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. Henan Jiyuan. 1965. Photo by Wang Shilong. In fact it was an ancient temple. (3) On March 10, 1968 “Nanfang Daily" “To build the countryside into Mao Zedong Thought big school”. (4) “The whole Country should become a great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. English edition. (Beijing) Foreign Language Press. 1968.
（1） “The whole Country should become a great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. Wu Town, Tunghiang, Zhejiang province. (2) “To build the factory into great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. (3) At that year “Xianfeng production brigade great school of Mao Zedong Thought” now is a village clinic in Lianhua County, Jiangxi provonce.
(1) “Never forget Chairman Mao’s instruction, to build our school into great school of Mao Zedong Thought”. Celebrate a new Wuhan University birth in struggle. (2) “Chinese People's Liberation Army is a Great School of Mao Zedong Thought”. Nanjing Air Force Army “Red Eagle Pen”, Shanghai People's Publishing Agency, 1969.
(4) Wish Chairman Mao long life! Wish vice-Chairman Lin forever health!
The individual authority of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing had surmounted CCP Central Political Bureau. This was the result of Mao’ dictatorship and Zhou and so on’s flattering. On May 21, 1966, Zhou En’lai flattered Lin Biao in the CCP Political Bureau enlarged meeting: “Lin Biao raised Mao Zedong Thought not only early, high, and he used it with the most exactly and the most strengthly”. Liberation Army Daily called Lin Biao' “Chairman Mao's close comrade”and “Lin Deputy Commander”, and it had become common use in whole nation's media. On October 1, 1966, Mao put on the military uniform mounted Tian An Men with Lin Biao, the people shouted loudly “Chairman Mao long live! Long Long live!” “Lin Deputy Commander health! Permanent health!”. Afterward, the whole country everywhere nearly everyday the people should shout loudly: “Wish the great leader Chairman Mao long live! Long Long live! Lin Deputy Commander health! Permanent health! Learn from Comrade Jiang Qing, learn, learn, again learn!”. Afterward mostly only shouted the first two sentences. |
(1) Cultural Revolution's leadership, Mao, Lin Biao and JiangQing. (2) Newspaper "Rebel Is Justified", the 7th Ministry of Mechanized Industry,“916 Revolution Rebellion Army Corps. 1967. (3) "Revolutionary Worker Newspaper". Propagandized the Vice-President Lin. 1966. (4) “Cultural Revolution Material”. Beijing Aviation School Revolutionary Committee Politics Proclaims Group edited, the fourth design institute revolutionary committee reprinted, on March 28, 1968. (5) Poster. “Wish the great leader Chairman Mao long live! Lin Deputy Commander health!”
(1) "Wise vice-commander, great meritorious service-- the glory fight course of Lin vice-commander”. Zhejiang Province Labor Delegates Conference compile and print. 1969. (2) "Lin vice-commander’s Revolutionary Struggle History". (3) Quotations from Lin Vice-President”. (4) “Take Lin vice-commander as Glorious example, infinitely loyal to great leader Chairman Mao".（5,6）“Wish Chairman Mao long live! Lin Deputy Commander health!”
(1) many cities had constructed such propaganda wall “Wish Chairman Mao long live! Lin Deputy Commander health!” (2) Shanghai Hongkou Park.in 1969 . (3) Publicity materials "Wish Chairman Mao Long life Wish Vice-President Lin permanent Health". (4) Song of Quotations from Vice-President Lin “Forever Study the Three Essay of Mao” , was printed on the envelope, at that time everybody had to sing such songs.
(1,2) Publicity materials “Why Should Set up Comrade Lin Biao for the Vice-Commander”. 1968. (3) Commemorative badge, on the back has the character “Long live the proletariat headquarter of taking Chairman Mao as the first Vice-President Lin for the second”. (4) Song of Quotations from Vice-President Lin: “Jinggang Mt. 414 Battle Song”.
Every articles, each person in meeting speech, even the revolutionized family private letters, at the beginning must “Wish the great leader Chairman Mao long live! Long Long live! Lin Deputy Commander health! Permanent health!”
7. Peng Zhen proposed the February outline, limited the criticism of "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" in the academic issues, thus he was punished for offense
In November 1965 Mao intended to take the criticizeingl drama “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office” as a beginning to rectify the CCP. In February 3, 1966, Peng Zhen (vice chairman of National People's Congress, secretary of Bejing CCP Committee) hosted “cultural revolution five-leaders-group” enlarged meeting, they thought that the criticizing “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office” is only an academic problem and do not relate to politics, drawing up a “Outline of report on the current academic discussion” (“February Outline”); February 5 Liu Shaoqi convened the CCPCentral Political Bureau Standing Committee in Beijing to discuss and authorized the “Outline” and immediately telegraphed to Mao in Wuhan (Mao often left Beijing at the crucial moment to observe the movement and seek changce to attack). In Feb. 8, Peng Zhen, Lu Tingyi and Kang Sheng came to Wuhan to report to Mao about the outline. Mao did not express different views, so Peng Zhen on Feb. |
（1）Mao and Peng Zhen. Mao intended to use critisizing “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office” to start cultural revolution to rectify the CCP, in July, 1964, CCP central formed a “cultural revolution five-leaders-group”, Leader was Peng Zhen, vice-Leader Lu Dingyi, memgers were Kang Sheng, Zhou Yang and Wu Lengxi. only Kang Sheng was Mao’s trusted subordinate, therefore Mao had to abolish the“group”.(2) Mao and Lu Dingyi. (3) Mao and Zhou Yang in 1949. (4) The CCP Central Committee notice about cancellation “cultural revolution five-leader-group”.
(1,2) “look! This is counter-revolutionary ‘February Outline’" and so on articles critisizing “February Outline”. “Sound of Jinggang Mountain”, Chengdu Workers Revolt Army Corps.1966. (3) Mao abolished Peng Zhen et al. “cultural revolution five-leader-group”, set up a “Central Cultural Revolution Lead Group”. The members of “Central Cultural Revolution Lead Group” (left up): Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng, Zhang Chunqiao.
8. All the nation criticize Deng Tuo, Wu Han, Liao Mosha “Three-families village antiparty bloc”
In March, 1966, Mao talked with Kang Sheng et al.to mention to criticize Deng Tuo, Wu Han, Liao Mosha and so on, therefore Beijing Daily started to criticize so called “Three family village”. In 1961, Beijing CCP Committee’s publication “Front” magazine had opened a column “Notes from the three-family village", invited Deng Tuo (Secretary of Beijing CCP Committee), Wu Han (Deputy Mayor of Beijing), Liao Mosha (head of the united front work department of Beijing CCP committee) the three people to write articles in turn, discussing questions about ideological cultivation, artistic appreciation. On May 10, 1966, Shanghai Liberation Daily and Wenhui Daily published Yao Wenyuan's “Comment the three-family village" and so on articles, said that Deng Tuo and so on were “counter-party counter-socialism's attack”, then all the nation denounced the “three-family village antiparty bloc”, Deng Tuo, Wu Han, Liao Mosha also one after another received persecute. Everywhere in the country had to hold assembly to criticize “three-family village”: on May 29, 1966, more than 90,000 persons in Hunan Zhuzhou simultaneously held assembly in five conference sites, denounced “crimes of Deng Tuo reactionary counter-party counter-society gang”; In May, Guangdong Huizhou various systems successively had held 10 time altogether more than 35,000 people of mass assemblies; On June 8, Hubei Wuhan CCP Wuchang District Committee held thousand people meeting and on June 15 the CCP Wuchang District Committee again held ten thousand people meeting; On May 28 Anhui Tunxi industrial and communications systems more than 3000 staffs in spite of the rain assembly in the stadium; On May 10, Lanzhou University convenes denounces the congress. On May 14 the Xi'an Jiaotong University CCP Committee convened the teachers and students and staffs in denounce congress ...... |
(1) Deng Tuo (1912-1966), director and editor-in-chief of People's Daily, concurrently Beijing University Law school adjunct professor, secretary of Beijing CCP Committee Secretariat and so on. Because so-called “Three-family anti-party group”, was interrogated brutally, on May 18, 1966 was persecuted to die. (2) Liao Mosha (1907-1990), renowned writer, vice-minister of CCP Beijing Committee Propaganda Department, vice-president of Beijing Political Consultative Conference. From May 1966 on, sufferd continuously interrogates, closed in prison for 8 years, latter was delivered to a farm in Jiangxi for 3 years. In 1979 he was rehabilitated (3,4) “Denounce Deng Tuo counter-party crimes angrily”. (5) Beijing Normal University “Open fire to Deng Tuo, Wu Han and Liao Mosha counter-party counter-socialism's black line”. 1966.
(1) Beijing Machine Tool Factory's workers were writing big-character posters to criticize Deng Tuo. (2,3) Critique “Three-family village” materials. (4) Yhe CCP Central Committee reorganized Beijing CCP Committee during criticizing Deng Tuo, Wu Han, Liao Mosha and so. (5) “Anthology of workers-peasants-soldiers criticize ‘Three-family village’”, the first volume, Chinese Youth Publishing House, 1966.
(1)The CCP Central Committee announced to reorganizes Beijing Municipal CCP Committee, the people celebrated before the building of Beijing Municipal CCP Committee. (2,3) In 1966, Hebei Xingtai area was in a big earthquake, but there was still busy with the criticizing "Three Family Village".
(1) “Smashed all branch stores of the ‘Three-family village!’” Tan Houlan’s big-character poster in Beijing Normal University. 1966. (2) In June, 1966, Wuhan University’s teachers and students held congress, “ruthless criticized Wuhan’s ‘Three-family village’”, symbolizing Cultural Revolution movement start in Wuhan area.
9. Mao reclusive lived in "Dishui cave" of Shaoshan, deployed major measures to use Lin beat Liu
On June 17, 1966, Mao secretly arrived at Shaoshan “Dhishui Cave”. As early as in June, 1959, when Mao returned to his hometown Hunan Shaoshan where he separated for 23 years, instructed Hunan provincial CCP committee to repaire “Dhishui Cave” to be his villa, it was completed in 1962, spent at that time Renminbi 120,000,000, but Mao only this time had lived in seclusion for 11 days in it. It was continuously vacant as a military restricted zone. This was the enigmatic 11 days. On June 28, Mao left the“Cave” to arrive at Wuhan, until July 16 he public appearanced. In Wuhan, he wrote a letter to Jiang Qing, the content was he in the “Cave” ponder result, indicated that his determination about throne connection and overthowing Liu, he had seen through Lin Biao’s ambition but had to use him, encouraged Jiang Qing to firm confidenc and study earnestly in order to cope with the complex environment together with him, more strategically struggle. This letter is the “prophecy”of Cultural Revolution. Afterward Lin Biao fled and was defeated, the CCP approved this letter to send out as the “Central Document” for “Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius” and “CCP rectification”, and indicated Mao had somewhat “far-sighted”. |
（1） Hunan Shaoshan “Dhishui Cave”,Mao’s private villa, but Mao only had lived 11 days in it. It was continuously vacant. Only this century then it is opened as the tourist scenic site. (2) Mao wrote a poem “Speculatively Thinks" in Shaoshan “Dishui Cave”. (3,4) Afterward Lin Biao fled and was defeated, the CCP sent out the “Chairman Mao writes to Comrade Jiang Qing's Letter”.
(1) OnJune 17-28, 1966, Mao secretly lived in Shaoshan “Dishui Cave” for 11 days. (2) On June 28, 1966, Mao took a group photo with his entourages and the reception personnels in Shaoshan. Mao said to the province and county officials: “I will lead you to go Long March again”; After taking the photo, Mao left Shaoshan, passed Changsha and came to Wuhan. (2) Inner Document “‘Chairman Mao writes to Comrade Jiang Qing's Letter’ is a great idea weapon to criticize Lin Biao and Confucius”. (3) “Bulletin of the Fourth Issue of Luda City Study Class”: “Experience of Study ‘Chairman Mao writes to Comrade Jiang Qing's Letter’, Insisting proletariat dictatorship to continue revolution”. 1972.
