I do not know why this is not in Chinese also but mine is not to wonder why. This is what the author sent me and this is what I'm publishing.
Chapter 3. The first stage of the Cultural Revolution（1966-1969）
Mao used his supreme prestige, Lin Biao and Jiang Qing acted on Mao’s behalf, and used young people's frantic, summoned to “rebel”, attacked Liu Shaoqi and so on whom Mao thought would threaten his imperial authority; Because the “project” is too big, his strategy was to make “worldwide chaos” first, then won from in the chaotic, achieved his “peaceful and unitary”. The first stage of Cultural Revolution is from May, 1966 (CCP issued the announcement about the Cultural Revolution) to April, 1969 ( the 9th CCP National Congress). And it may also be divided in two stages again, the front stage was from the launching rebellion to the establishment of revolutionary committee, the latter stage was after the establishment of revolutionary committee to the “9th CCP National Congress”. The slogans were “rebel is justified”“destroys bourgeoisie headquarters”, “seize power from the capitalist roaders” ; The “revolutionary rebelling mass” might “suspect all”, “overthrow all”, all the country was in “all-out civil war”. Mao thought originally when after established the “Revolutionary Committee” could get “peaceful and unitary”, he was unable to end, only then lengthened, and after the “9th CCP National Congress”, he was still unable to end, so he had to change strategy, continue to extend the movement. |
1. The CCP Central Committee issued "May16 Notice", symbolized the Cultural Revolution start (1966.5)
Although Liu Shaoqi was the number two character of the CCP, but Mao made the major decision always to avoid him. In early December,1965, in order to form an alliance with Lin Biao, Mao intended to remove Luo Ruiqing’s (had real power in army) duty, for this reason Mao convened an enlarged-meeting of CCP Political Bureau in Shanghai. When Liu flew to Shanghai he knew nothing about, unexpectedly asked He Long, He replied: “You don't even know? How could I have known?”. In April 1966, Liu and his wife visited Southeast Asia, just return to Kunming, Liu got notice to rush to Hangzhou (Mao habitually using the way when he intend to get rid of dissidents he left Beijing to observe, seized the moment to attack) to attend enlarged meeting of the CCP Political Bureau, Liu did not know, Mao intended to overthrow Peng Zhen and it was already the fait accomplice. From criticizing Peng Zhen’s "February Outline" on, Jiang Qing hosted to draft the CCP’s announcement about to start Cultural Revolution's notice, namely afterward was called“May 16 announcement”. Symbolized that the cultural revolution started officially, Jiang Qing is in power. In May, Mao in Hangzhou ordered Liu to hold a enlarged meeting of the CCP Political Bureau about criticizing “Peng Zhen, Luo Ruiqing, Lu Dingyi, Yang Shangkun”, actually Liu was only just a convener, Kang Sheng conveyed Mao’s latest instructions. On May 28, “Central Cultural Revolution Group” was set up, the group in fact surmounted CCP’s Central Political Bureau, Chen Boda was the group leader, Kang Sheng was consultant, Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao were vice-group leader. On June 1, Liu did not know completely the situation, Mao ordered to all country broadcast Beijing University Nie Yuanxin's big-character poster. |
(1) On May 16, 1966, CCP Central Committee issued “ CCP Central Committee Announcement” (May 16 Announcement) which was Mao instructed Jiang Qing to draft, the content was all the nation “criticize academic circle bourgeoisie reactionary thought, capture the leadership in cultural domain, clean out the bourgeoisie representative personages in the party, government, army and the cultural domain”, symbolized cultural revolution start. (2) “May 16 Announcement” is the great history document”. (3) Poster: “May 16 Announcement” is a new great history milestone of Marxism-Leninism, is the Communist Party Manifesto in 1960s”.
(1) In 1966 May Labor Day, Lin Biao’s position was arranged before Liu Shaoqi, and Liu Shaoqi gradually was listed as top “capitalist-roader” which should overthrow in Cultural Revolution.. (2) At the beginning of Cultural Revolution, Zhou Enlai, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng and Jiang Qing. (3) At the beginning of Cultural Revolution, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Zhang Chunqiao.
(1) Kang Sheng, consultant of the Ccentral Cultural Revolution Group, agitated the students to revolt in Beijing University student's dormitory. (2) Zhang Chunqiao, Jiang Qing, Yao Wenyuan were hand in hand. (3) On October 1, 1967, Lin Biao and Chen Boda on Tian An Men; Photo by Du Xiuxian. (3) Changsha residents lifted the Mao and Liu Shaoqi's portraits to cheer “May.16” the; The people of whole nations did not know that Mao want to eliminate Liu. Photo by Tang Dabai.
2. Liu Shaoqi managed to criticize Zhu De (1966.5)
Liu Shaoqi echoed Mao to attacked Zhu De, fantasized that it could protect himself when Mao already aim to spear point to him. In Jinggang Mountain time Zhu De's position was above Mao, but Mao was familiarity with plot and political skill, afterward in the Jiangxi Chinese Soviet areas specially in the Fujian Gutian Conference, Mao conquered Zhu. Zhu was quite honest sincerely, once he disagreed with the Great Leap Forward and “big famine” and said “the People's commune had made a mess”. On May 18, 1966 Lin Biao made a “coup d'etat” speech, Zhu expressed disaffection publicly. On May 23, 1966, Liu Shaoqi presided over the CCP Political Bureau enlarged meeting to criticize Zhu De in the Great Hall. Kang Sheng said that Zhu De “wanted to surpass Chairman Mao, joined in Party organize but the thought had not joined in party”. Lin Biao said: “Zhu De has the ambition ......Want to work as president, but your capablity okay?” Chen Yi: “I thought that you are acclaimed as emperor,. You vigorously praise Khrushchev. Your ambition is big.” Zhou Enlai: “I have done something to oppose Chairman Mao ......This is my life biggest mistake and the evil…. Comrade Zhu De's account did that more than me….Therefore, today I me to you (Zhu De) the disaffection, tell everybody, hope everybody surveillance”. (conference record, “file No |
In CCP’s history once the position arrange was “Zhu De, Mao Zedong”, Zhu De had already lost power long before the Cultural Revolution, but he was under attack during the Cultural Revolution. (1) In every CCP meetings always hang Zhu De and Mao Zedong’s portraits before 1949. Picture shows the old site of Yan’an in 1945 “Celebratng the Sino-Japanese War Victory Congress” which now had restored. (2) Northeast China “celebrating liberation” n 1948 hanged Zhu De and Mao’s portraits. (3) In August, 1948, The sixth nation work congress chairman's podium hanged Zhu De and Mao’s portraits. (4) “Commander-in-Chief Zhu long live!”, on February 3, 1949, the People's Liberation Army 30,000 people held grandly ceremony to enter Beijing, the people held the slogan to cheer. Photo by Meng Zhaorui.
(1) People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing in 1949, people were holding Zhu De and Mao's portraits.. (2) On 1950 New Year's Day, People's Liberation Army lifted Zhu De’s portrait to enter Chongqing city. (3) Poster in 1950s, expresed Mao and Zhu De as core of the government of the People's Republic of China. (3) In June, 1950, The Third Plenary Session of the 7th CCP Committee, hanged Zhu De and Mao Zedong’s portraits.
(1) The inauguration meeting of a Agricultural Cooperative township in Wuhan suburb in 1954, hanged Zhu De and Mao’s portraits. (2) In 1962, Mao, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, Zhu De, on the meeting chairman's podium, Zhu De was arranged the end position. (3) Mimeographed book in 1966: “The confession of the careerist Zhu De who usurp the leadership of the party and the army power”, Revolutionary rebellion group in Chinese Writers Association. (4,5) “New Beijing University”, the newspaper’s name was wrote by Mao, published by Beijing University Cultural Revolution Leading Group, on February 16, 1967, it published "Usurps Party and the Army Archcareerist Zhu De's Confession", on March 16 it published "Clutch the Big Warlord, Archcareerist, black Commander Zhu De" and so on articles.
3. Overthrow “Peng Zhen, Luo Ruiqing, Lu Dingyi, Yang Shangkun antiparty bloc” (1966.5～6)
According to Mao’s intention, on May 4, 1966, CCP Political Bureau held a enlarged meeting to criticize “Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang”. On June 27, Liu and Deng presided over the democratic personage symposium to criticize “Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang”; Liu said that “their common characteristic is to oppose Chairman Mao, carry on the underground movement…Has a coup d'etat's possibility, this is intense international and domestic class struggle in our inner-party’s reflection.” Until on October, 24 1966, Mao then revealed he intend to hit Liu's meaning in the central working conference: “Liu and Deng are doing publicly, is not secret, this is different from Peng Zhen. Gao Gang, Rao Shushi, Peng Dehuai, they do the double-dealing. Peng Dehuai colluded with them, I did not know. Peng Zhen, Luo Ruiqing, Lu Dingyi, Yang Shangkun are do the secret, doing the secret has no good fate.” Peng Zhen managed to formulate the “February outline” to limit the movement in the academic scope to criticize "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", which hindranced Mao’s Cultural Revolution. Mao said that Peng Zhen managed the CCP secretariat and Beijing to be “needle could not insert, water could not enter”; Luo Ruiqing (chief of the general staff concurrently Ministry of Public Security minister) was the Lin Biao’s enemy and Lin wanted to remove him early, in order to form an alliance with Lin only then Mao agreed to overthrows Luo. Lu Dingyi’s wife Yan Weibing was personal enemy of Lin’s wife Ye Qun, Lu Dingyi and Peng Zhen resisted to criticize “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office”; Mao said that “CCP Propaganda Department already turned to be palace of hell under Lu Dingyi's leadership”. In fact, the “Criticizing Peng Luo Lu Yang” was related with Mao’s leakage of his private hate. For example “wiretap event”. After in 1956 Soviet Communist counter-Stalin, Mao discontented Liu and Deng not did personality cult. Liu and Deng handling matters had momentarily to listen to Mao. In order to play with the female companion, Mao often rode his special train to go out or over night. If Yang Shangkun (CCP central committee staff office Director) did not have Mao’s instruct accurately promptly transmitted to Liu and Deng, was Yang’s dereliction of duty, Liu and Deng once blamed Yang and Mao also blamed Yang. Yang and Luo ordered to install a wiretap on Mao special train so that could promptly and accurately transmit Mao’s instruction. In February, 1961 Mao special train stopped in Changsha suburb to rest, train's secret recording technician in the platform saw Mao’s female attache (she was original preschool teacher in Beijing, one of Mao’s “dance partner”), he imitated her voice to crack a joke, what said was precisely her words which said in Mao’s compartment, she told Mao immediately. Mao afterward interrogated the recording technician, knowing was Luo Ruiqing arranged. Luo said that Yang did so according to the CCP Political Bureau conference resolution to install the recorder in the compartment. Hereafter, Mao and Jiang Qing said that this was “dictatorship on our heads”. Mao therefore even more hated Liu, Deng, also hated Luo, Yang; and Mao prefer to listen to information of his “girlfriend” than to CCP’s leaders. Mao also continued to say falsely “allow Liu and Deng to revolutionize, allow them to correct their mistakes”. |
(1) On December 12 1966, 120,000 people “Interrogate ‘Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang’ congress” was held in Beijing Worker Stadium. This four persons had already received many times interrogated,, for example, on May 4,1966, was interrogated in CCP Political Bureau; on June 27, Liu and Deng held the democratic personage interrogate ‘Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang’ congress in the People Great Hall. （2）Peng Zhen was tyrannised （3）Lu Dingyi was tyrannised.
（1）Luo Ruiqing was tyrannised.（2）Yang Shangkun was tyrannised. (3) Overthrow Yang Shangkun, Counter-revolutionary Revisionism Group of Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang's data. Beijing Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Sports Institute Maoism Red bugle Fight Team. 1967. (4) Peng, Luo, land, Yang counter-revolutionary revisionism group crime record. 1967.
4. Mao and Liu disputed publicly, Mao’s “the artillery hits the headquarters” and the CCP Central Committee “Sixteen Stipulation” (1966)
In May, 1966, Mao intentionally left Beijing for a long time to live in seclusion in Hunan Shaoshan and so on, Liu managed the Cultural Revolution movement. Mao remotely controlled Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, Chen Boda and so on Central Cultural Revolution Group to provoked the populace to rebel. Mao fully realized that the people discontented the CCP bureaucrats since 1957 the counter-right movement and had no opportunity to divulge, Mao led the people to divulge fire to Liu, because Liu continue to use the way of sending the “work team” to attack the “counter-party class enemy”(just like the way of sending the “work team” to attack the “counter-party rightsts” in 1957). Mao first tacitly approved Liu sending the “work team” to start the Cultural Revolution, but then Mao denied the “work team” thoroughly, leted the populace's hate mood to give vent to the“work team” and to Liu. Mao’ true goal was to attack Liu. Under Kang Sheng’s inciting, on May 25, Nie Yuanxin, cadre of Beijing University Philosophy Department, and so on 7 persons wrote a big-character poster to attack Beijing Municipal Party Committee and the Beijing University Party Committee. Mao said that it was “the nation’s first Marxism-Leninism big-character poster”, and authorized on June 1 to the national broadcast. Therefore all the nation, specially various universities, the massive big-character posters appeared, mainly attacked leaders of universities, the renowned scholars and so on “bourgeoisie academic authority” “reactionary gang members”. At the beginning of July Mao left Hunan Shaoshan to Wuhan, wrote a letter to Jiang Qing to encourage her. After On July 18 Mao swim in Wuhan Yangtze River, returned to Beijing, said that Liu and the “work team” suppressed the populace. Then Mao launched the frantic young students to criticize the “work teams”, and to criticize Liu and Deng. On July 29, a “Congress of cultural revolution activists of universities and medium schools” was held in Beijing the People Great Hall, Liu, Deng, Zhou etc. were on the rostrum, but Mao secretly sit in the background. Li Xuefeng (new Beijing secretary) announced that CCP Central reorganized Beijing Municipal Party Committee, Liu examined his error of sending the work teams, and said “how to carry on the Cultural Revolution, you do not clear, you ask me, I honestly answer you, I do not know." Then Liu said that he was “veteran revolutionary meet the new question”. Mao in the background said to his doctor and bodyguards: “not veteran revolutionary, is old counter-revolutionary!” Before conference ended, when Mao suddenly walked from the background to the front of the stage, “Long liveChairman Mao!” the thunderous applause, Mao waved hands to the populace, did not look at one to Liu and Deng, then Zhou followed Mao to go down the stage, but Liu and Deng dumbly stayed on the stage. On August 1 to 12 , 1966, Mao accused severely sending the work team in the 11th Plenary Session of the 8th CCP Committee, “this was the suppression, was the terror, this terror come from the central committee”, “the monsters and freaks, are presented in this meeting”; But actually the most members of central people did not warm-hearted to fight against Liu; on 5th, Mao wrote a big-character poster “bombard the headquarters” , and let Zhou first read this manuscript, revealed actually his card in a hand; Meanwhile, Mao secretly sent Wang Dongxing to recall Lin Biao who was convalescind and waiting to see in Dalian back to Beijing to participate in Mao’s fight urgently. Mao reorganized Politburo Standing Committee, ranked Lin Biao to be second only to Mao, Zhou was the third, Tao Zhu was the fourth (was nominated by Jiang Qing), Chen Boda the 5th, Deng Xiaoping the 6th, Kang Sheng the 7th, Liu form the second changed to the eighth, in fact he was stood out of the way. At the meeting issued Mao’s letter to the Red Guards of Qinghua University Attached Middle School, had relieved Liu's duty of Vice-President; issued “Decision about Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” (namely “16 items”). The Central Cultural Revolution Group substituted for the CCP Political Bureau gradually. But Mao exhibited the broadminded posture, on August 12 he said that “must allow man to make mistakes, allow them to correct the mistakes”, this also caused many people were caught in his trap and were overthrowed as the “conservative” or “monarchists”. On December 26, 1966, Mao’s 73rd birthday, he arranged the “comprehensively seize power” plan in his family to the Central Cultural Revolution Group, Mao proposed a toast: "Cheers for the launch of the national civil war!" |
(1) Students argued about the “work teams”. In May 1966, all the national already was in a mess, Mao was not in Beijing, Mao agreed that Liu and Deng to send work teams to the People's Daily and Beijing University and so. In June, in order to maintain internal order, Beijing University’s Work Team to ordered teachers and students "to sit down and study the file to listen to the party." Rebel students did not listen to this. Beijing Post and Telecommunication College first expelled the work team. (2) On May 25, 1966, Kang Sheng incited, Nie Yuanzi and so on wrote a big-character poster, Mao Zedong said it was “the nation’s first Marxism-Leninism big-character poster”. (3) Nanjing University's big-character poster, attacked Principal Kuang Yaming.
(1) On August 5, 1966, Mao wrote “Bombard the headquarters” the big-character original manuscript. (2) Beijing populace lifted Mao’s “bombard the headquarters” poster model to celebrate and parade. (3) In 1967 People's Daily and all nation’s newspapers and rebels organizations mimeograph newspapers published the Mao’s big-character poster.
Many kinds of picture posters to propagandaze Mao’s big-character poster “Bombard the headquarters”.
(1) The communique of Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth CCP Central Committee and "The decision of the CCP Central Committee on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” ( “Sixteen Items”). (2) Mao, Zhou and Lin Biao in the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth CCP Central Committee. (3) Beijing celebrate, cheer, support the "Sixteen Items”.
(1) On August 13, 1966, late-night, Heilongjiang masses held meeting warmly celebrate the Communique of Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth CCP Central Committee. Li Zhensheng photo. (2) In August 1966, Guangzhou masses held meetings through al the night, holding a portrait of Mao, some holding Liu Shaoqi’s portrait, celebrate the Communique of Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth CCP Central Committee. (3) On August 10, 1966, Hunan Repertory Theatre's cultural revolution propaganda team was performing in the streets to publicize “Sixteen Items”.
(1) August 1966, Inner Mongolia Hohhot celebrated and promoted the “Sixteen Items”. (2) Guangdong Yunfu County warmly support the Communiqué of the Eleventh CCP Central Committee. (3) Newspapers were promoting and learning “Sixteen Items”.
(1) Lin Biao summoned to carry out “16 Items”. (2) “Handbooks of Study 16 Items". (3) Phonograph record: Sing the 16 Items. (4) Poster “Firmly Act According to 16 Items”. (5) Song “Sings 16 Items”.
5. Mao supported vigorously the Red Guard movement（1966-1968）
Mao used his highest prestige, depended upon Jiang Qing, Lin Biao, Kang Sheng to stir up the youths’ ignorance and passion to rebel, pushed to the high tide of the cultural revolution, overthrew Liu Shaoqi and so on so-called capitalist-roaders. In May 1966, some teenages of Tsinghua University Attached Middle School formed a faction group called “Defend Maoism Red Guards” in the process of “fighting the capitalist-roaders”. On August 1, Mao wrote a letter to the teenages to support the Red Guards. Henceforth the Red Guards were organized in all the national middle schools and universities. The organization of “Communist Youth League of China” which was a tool of the CCP controlled youth for many years, now had been abandoned.Then the adults organized a variety of “fight team”, “army corps” and so on the “revolutionary rebellion” public organizations, also were similar with “Red Guards”. On July 21, 1966, Mao orderd to remove the work teams from schools, and said that all the national schools should “the first not to attend class, the second must to eat, the third need to cause trouble, causes trouble is the revolution”. On August 18, 1966, Jiang Qing managed Mao firstly to interview Red Guards, in several months Mao altogether 8 times “inspected” more than 1.3 million Red Guards from all the country. Because Mao changed his strategy unceasingly, even the members of the Central Cultural Revolution Group' unceasingly were estimating Mao’s intention and some were soon been overthrown, therefore the “Red Guard” as well as other rebels organs unceasingly differentiated and splited. Beijing “Red Guard” at the beginning were mainly the children of the CCP central officials (may be called “old Red Guards”), on August 27, Wang Yanqun (daughter of Wang Dongxing, student of Light Industry College) was the commander, set up a “Headquarters of Red Guards of Beijing Universities and Colleges), Jiang Qing attended its establishing meeting and arranged the headquarters candidates; The junior from poor families and “the non-five red categories”, could only participate in its peripheral organizations like the “loyalty to the party fight team”, “red periphery” and so on. Kuai Dafu, student of Tsinghua University, led more than 100 poor juniors to attack the “Headquarters establishing meeting” site, requested to participate in, but were rejected. In September, the Red Guards in Beijing Forestry College expanded and they also established the headquarters and was called “the second Headquarters”. Afterward the second Headquarters was cooperation with Wang Yanqun “old Red Guards” “the first Headquarters”. “The first Headquarters” had set up a “Red Guards Police” under Zhou Enlai's support. But afterward Jiang Qing opposed “The first Headquarters”, she called it “the monarchists” or “faction guarantee father and mother”, some of Headquarters” evolved into the “Linkage Action” or “May |
(1) The rise of Red Guards
(1) In 1966, some teenages in Tsinghua University Attached Middle school (mainly children of high-ranking CCP officials) established a “Red Guards” faction organization, they tyrannised the School leaders and teachers. (2) On August 27, mainly children of high-ranking CCP officials such as Wang Dongxing's daughter, established “Headquarters of Red Guards of Beijing Universities and Colleges”, and issued this general order. Jiang Qing attend its establishing meeting to support. (3,4) Red Guard’s identity card of Shanghai Middle schools, it printed Mao’s to Qinghua Attached Middle School Red Guard's letter. (5) Jiang Qing drafted for Mao’s letter to Qinghua Attached Middle School’s Red Guard, Mao had revised and then sent out.
(1) In September, 1966, Sichuan Dayi County Middle-school students set up a “Red Guard Army”. (2) In October, 1966, Guangdong Fanyu County held a “Red Guards Congress”. (3) Many “revolutionary rebellion team” and so on “revolution public organizations” were set up and were the same as the Red Guards. (4) “Chairman Mao's Red Guard”. Tsinghua University Attached Middle School Red Guard compiled, 1967.
(1,2,3) A “Red Flag Fight Team”was organized in a university, in September, 1966. (4) Application Form of Red Guard; Actually afterward simply did not need to write the application form, only take a red armband.
(1) “Xuzhou City Red Guards Headquarters Manifesto”. October, 1966 (2) in February, 1967 “The State Council Notice: Red Guards newly made signs should use red armband or medals”. (3) “Mao Zedong Thought 011 Fight Groups”. (the name “revolution Public organization” may not called Red Guard, some called the “rebellion group” (Mao summoned rebellion), “Jinggang Mountain” (Mao once rebeled in Jinggang Mountains) and so on, so long as the name word related with Mao.
Various kinds all over the countery’s Red Guards and the rebels organization's armbands and badges.
Various kinds all over the countery’s Red Guards and the rebels organization's armbands, badges, Red Guard’s identity card.
(1) “Long live the Red Guards Movement!” Red Guards parade on the streets,Changde City, Hunan. 1966, (2,3,4) typical image of the Red Guards: chest Mao’ s badge, wearing a military uniform. (4) Written pledge of Red Guards, determination to defend Chiairman Mao.
(1) Red Guard studied Chairman Mao’s works, Heilongjiang Province. Li Zhensheng photo. (2) “Heroic Red Guards”, Cultural Revolution slogan on the old residence’s wall in countryside. (4) Large-scale record movie "Chairman Mao linked to our heart forever- Chairman Mao’s Seventh Interview Cultural Revolution Army”. The “cultural revolution army” included the Red Guards and all the “revolutionary rebel populace”.
(2) Mao eight times interviewed the Red Guards from all over the country
In August, 1966, Mao wore the military uniform, with Lin Biao and Zhou Enlai and so on many times received millions Red Guards in Beijing Tiananmen Square.
(1) Mao and Zhou Enlai arrived at among the Red Guards. (2,3,4) In Tiananmen Square millions Red Guards waved Mao’s Quotations to cheer “long live Mao” unceasingly, some throats shouted to mute, immersed in frenzy, the People's Liberation Army maintained the order. Photo by Weng Naiqiang.
(1) Red Guards in Tiananman square saw Mao in distant place, excited to write and record “the life-long unforgettable happy time” on their Quotation From Chairman Mao. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2,3) Mao in the Tiananmen Square interviewed Red guards, also had“the revolutionary teachers and students” and the worker, the poor peasant representatives.
From August to November, 1966, Mao eight times interviewed Red Guards. Because the students all over the country came to Beijing, they were too many, Mao had to ride awning automobile, from square to airport to “interview”.
(1) Mao inspected Red Guards in Chang'an Street, Beijing. (2) On August 18, 1966, Song Binbin, student of Beijing Normal University Attached Female Middle School, gave Mao a Red Guard’s emblem.Mao asked her name and said that her name was “gentle” and had better to be “Armed struggle(Yao Wu)”. Henceforth she changes name to “Song Yaowu”. Several days ago (August 5) Song Binbin’s school principal (Bian Zhongyun) had been killed on the scene of “interrogate meeting”, many teachers were injured by the female Red Gurds Group, Song was the group leader. Mao’s encouraging Song that stirred up the Red Guards’ enormous “revolutionary fervor”. (3,4) Mao and and the female Red Guards.
(1,2) Mao interviewed Red Guards by car. (3) Jiang Qing, Zhou Enlai, Kang Sheng interviewed Red Guards by car.
(1) Chen Boda, Mao, Lin Biao and the Red Guards. (2) Mao, Lin Biao and the Red Guards. (3) Mao, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Qing and the Red Guards.
(1) Mao and Lin Biao interviewed Red Guards. (2) Mao was “in danger” in Tiananmen Square by car broke down. (2,3) Hunan Changsha and many places many people had no cgance to be interviewed by Mao, but they could hold Mao’s portraits and equally celebrated.
(3) Mao launched the Red Guards to revolutionary travel and connecting
(1) Zhou Enlai revised and issued a “Notice of the CCP Cental Committee and the State Council” about the “revolutionary teachers and students” to “revolutionary travel and contact”. Mao did not hesitate to spend state treasury money, leted the Red Guards of all the country free to ride, to eat, to accommodate in nationwide, to carry on “revolutionary travel and contact”. (2) The Central Committee of the CCP document, " Notice of the Central Committee of the CCP and the State Council about organizing the revolutionary teachers and students of outside areas to come Beijing visit Cultural Revolution movement ". September 5, 1966. (3,4) Red Guard pf all the country came to Beijing in Tiananmen took oath: Pledge to fight to death loyal to Mao Zedong!
(1) Red Guards propagandized the Mao Zedong Thought in the Tiananmen Square. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2,3,4) Every regional Red Guards learned Beijing’s revolutionary experience, then embarked to come back to light the revolutionary kindling.
(1) Red Guards did “revolutionary travel and contact” in Beijing Tiananmen Square. (2) On February 7, 1967, Red Guards from Heilongjiang Baoqing County “revolutionary travel and contact” to Harbin at the same night they bought Mao’s portraits and Mao’s works in the bookstore. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (3) Heilongjiang's Red Guard did “revolutionary travel and contact” to Beijing on foot. Photo by Li Zhensheng.
(1) Souvenir photo of the Red Guard “revolutionary travel and contact” in the Beijing Tiananmen Square. Photo by Jiang Shaowu. (2,3,4) Xinjiang and other places’ Red Guard took a souvenir photo of their “revolutionary travel and contact” in the Beijing Tiananmen Square.
（1，2）Souvenir photo of the Red Guard “revolutionary travel and contact” in Beijing Tiananmen Square.(3) In 1966, Red Guards of China Renmin University and Beijing Political and Law College “revolutionary travel and contact” arrived at Guangzhou, propagandized Mao Zedong Thought in the street corner, agitated the populace to open fire to the bourgeoisie headquarters. (4) Red Guards of Liaoning province marched forward and rebeled in Beijing. Photo by Jiang Shaowu.
(1,2) Beijing Red Guard “revolutionary travel and contact” in Guangzhou street. 1966. (3) Some outside areas Red Guards “revolutionary travel and contact” on foot toward Beijing. (4) Red Guards “revolutionary travel and contact” on foot “Long March team”. Photo by Weng Naiqiang. (5) Heilongjiang’s Red Guard “revolutionary travel and contact” on foot “Long March” to Beijing,1966. Photo by Li Zhensheng.
(1) A 17 students “Beijing - Yenan Long March team” of Beijing Diplomacy College took an oath in the Tiananmen Square, moved toward Yenan on foot. October, 1966. Photo by Xu Lin. (2) Some Red Guards arrived Jinggang Mountains on foot. (3,4) in August, 1966, Guangdong Gaozhou Middle school student “Long March team” weared flowers before departure.
(1) Some Red Guards “revolutionary travel and contact” to Shaoshan, Mao’s hometown. (2) Many Red Guards “revolutionary travel and contact” to Jinggang Mountains, Poto by Weng Naiqiang. (3) Some Red Guards “revolutionary travel and contact” to Yenan. (4) Vice-Premier Chen Yonggui receives the Red Guards “revolutionary travel and contact” to Dazhai,Shanxi province. Dazhai and the peasant Vice-Premier Chen Yonggui were Mao set up the national agriculture model.
(1) Red Guards of Hunan Finance and Trade College, barefoot put on the straw sandal, read Mao’s quotations, determined to walk “Long March”road. Photo by Tang Dabai. (2) Red Guards helped mutually on their “revolutionary travel and contact” on foot road. (3,4) “Revolutionary travel and contact” in fact is free “the red traveling”, many “veteran”took part in.
Free boarding cards for “revolutionary travel and contact”. In October, 1966, about 1.5 million students from all the country came and lived in Beijing waiting for Mao’s interview, all the school classrooms and government' offices and even in cadre's homes were occupied by these Red Guards. Zhou told Mao the difficulty, But Mao did not care a rap, he wanted to interview 20,000,000 people, said that his Zhongnanhai's residence could let the Red Guard live. The Central Cultural Revolution Group even accused Zhou “not thoughtful enough to Mao’s guests”. Zhou leading to vacate his residence received the Red Guards, and ordered the army to build the temporary tents urgently. Entire railway transportation as well as other economic order were grave disorder.
The Pass and Introducing Letter for “revolutionary travel and contact”. In fact, so long as anyone who had a red emblem and Mao’s book, could free to eat and lodging, but the condition is very inferior.
(1) Some students had no money during “revolutionary travel and contact”, they loaned from “Red Guard reception centers”, this is urging the repayment list. (2,3) “The revolutionary travel and contact” is the free red traveling, approximately 50,000,000 people participated in, the national disbursement reached at least 10,000,000,000, composed in that year’s national GDP 1/10. The national financial resource was unable to support, but mainly Mao’s attention already changed to other aspects, in March, 1967 CCP could not but summoned to stop “revolutionary travel and contact”.
(4) Mao, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng encouraged the Red Guards "rebel"
Under the agitation by Mao, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, from late August 1966 on,, everywhere the Red Guards “broken four old” (old thought,old culture, old customs,old habits), all external and ancient culture became the sweeping goal, the national cultural relic and the historical site receives were inestimable damage. The rebels labelled“the class enemy” by their will (five kinds of elements, capitalist or landlord, party officer, professor scholar, technical personnel), did not need any procedure, confiscated their family's property. Agitated by Mao and “Central Cultural Revolution Group” some populace, specially the youth from family background of “five red categories”, positively to “rebel”, from the Beijing University to various middle schools, unconventionally set up many “courts” to “fought ghost” and “cut monster”, “fight capitalist-roader” “broken four old” and so on “the revolutionary activity”. On January 17, 1967, Mao received foreign guest hypocritically saying: “The Great Cultural Revolution is not overthrowing all. How to treat Liu and Deng, my opinion, the next time Party congress should elect them to be the Central Committee members. Inner-party always has left, middle and right, too clean is not too good. But still it is very dangerous, possible the Red Guards not agree.” He said “possible the Red Guards not agree” is important. Actually, how could the Red Guards shouted loudly “overthrew Liu Shaoqi” the slogan without the permission of Mao and the “Central Cultural Revolution Group”? |
(1) Mao, Lin, Zhou, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng on Tiananmen weared red emblem to agitate the Red Guards to rebel. (2) Jiang Qing agitated rebellion everywhere. (3) Nie Yuanxin, author of “the nation first Marxism-Leninism big-character poster”(Mao said). Once she was Beijing Revolutionary Committee assistant director, after Mao used her for a while to agitate rebellion, soon was gotten rid, in 1971 she was isolated for examination, in 1978 April was put in prison, in 1983 condemned 17 year imprisonment by the counter-revolutionary crime. (4) Kuai Dafu, chieftain of Tsinghua University “Jinggang Mountains fight team”, student of 1967 session of Tsinghua University chemistry department, once was Beijing Revolutionary Committee member, in July, 1968 Mao had criticized Nie Yuanxin, Kuai Dafu and so on Red Guards chieftains. In 1968 was removed to labor under supervision, in 1978 was arrested. in 1983 was condemned 17 year imprisonment.
(1) Chen Boda (Leader of Central Cultural Revolution) and Han Aijing (chieftain of Red Guards of Beijing Aeronautical College). Chen Boda was overthrown in 1971 by Mao. In July, 1968 Mao criticized Red Guards chieftains, Han Aijing was isolated for examination tolabor under supervision; in 1979 was arrested, in 1983 was condemned 15 year imprisonment. (2) Red Guards “broken four old”, large quantities of cultural relics, the historical site were smashed. Photo by Ren Feng. (3) A family was confiscates all property, all the valuable belongings rob or break. Red Guards did these at their will.
(1) Red Guards lifted up “rebellion is rational” slogan to parade in streets of Harbin, 1966. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2) Chairman Mao's Red Guards are invincible. (3) Beijing Industrial University rebellers propagandize “rebellion is rational” at the gate of People's Daily News Agency (Wangfujing). Photo by Xu Lin.
(1) Hainan Haikou Red Guards “Mao Zedong Thought propaganda team” performed in street, 1966. Photo by Wu Qiuguang. (2) The frantic revolutionary rebellers populace, on the wall were Mao’s quotations “the world is our world .......” “rebellion is rational”. (3) Beijing Qian Men (front gate).
(1) In 1966, Harbin's Red Guards lift up Chairman Mao’s portrait to interrogate the “work team”, but on the wall were hanging Lin Biao, Deng Xiaoping's portraits. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2) During Cultural Revolution, most people watch the fun, it was called “carefree clique”( “the above-the-battle faction”. (3) “Xinxinmei(means new and beauty) ” barber shop in Shanghai was forced to change its name to be the “East Is Red barber shop” by Red guards.( East Is Red is a song of eulogy Mao).
(1) Mao’s quotation song “Revolutionary Rebellion Is Rational”. (2) Poster "Revolutionary Is Innocent, Rebellion Is Rational". (3) Red Guards took pens as sword and spear to criticize “February Countercurrent”, “overthrows Liu Shaoqi”, “defends Chairman Mao with blood and the life!”; 1967, paint by South China Normal College student rebellers. (4) Red Guards’ mimeograph circular "Rational Is Rebellion".
(1) Mao’s quotation "Rebellion Is Rational". (2) Red Rebellion Group manufacturds the “rebellion is rational” commemorative badge. (3) Red Guards’ picture poster, Gaozhou County, Guangdong Province, 1967. (4) Book, “Long live ‘Revolutionary Rebellion Is Rational’”. Red Guards Chengdu Army editorial department.
(5) Mao instigated all the country to interrogate "reactionary academic authority"
“16 Items” said that the Cultural Revolution's object were “capitalist roaders in Party’s power” and “bourgeoisie reactionary academic authority”. since at the end of 1965 had criticized “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office” and criticize “Deng Tuo, Wu Han, Liao Mosha village”, the regional students of universitioes and school carried on to tyrannised their principals and teachers. For example Beijing University renowned scholar Jian Bozan, Hou Wailu and so on, had been attacked. From March 17 to 20, 1966, enlarged meeting of to CCP Central Political Bureau member was convened in Hangzhou, Mao said in the meeting: “my opinion, must overthrow Jian Bozan and Hou Wailu and so on, it is not overthrowing too many. These people are the bourgeoisie”. Kang Sheng frequently agitated the students to fight, on July 28, 1966 he said that “Beijing University fighted Lu Ping, Peng Peiyun, certainly should turn to fight Jian Bozan, Feng Ding ......”. Many places clutched the “reactionary academic authority” on the assembly hall stage to tyrannise, even beat to death, the stage was called “fight ghost stage”. |
1966-1970 part of the president or secretary of universities were persecuted to death (death time)
赵宗复，山西太原工学院院长，1966年6月21日 江隆基，兰州大学校长及党委书记，1966年6月25日 高芸生，北京钢铁学院院长及党委书记，1966年7月6日 陈传纲，上海复旦大学副校长和党委副书记，1966年7月 郑思群，重庆大学校长及党委书记，1966年8月2日 李敬仪，南京师范学院教务长及党委副书记，1966年8月3日 邵凯，辽宁大学校长及中共党委书记，1967年1月23日 田辛，华东化工学院党委代理书记，1967年8月2日 孙泱，中国人民大学副校长，1967年10月初 | 魏思文，北京工业大学校长及党委书记，1967年10月30日 唐麟，湖南大学副校长，1968年2月18日 彭康，西安交通大学校长及党委书记，1968年3月28日 高仰云，天津南开大学党委书记，1968年7月27日 李广田，云南大学校长，1968年11月2日 常溪萍，华东师范大学校長及党委书记，1968年5月25日 蒋梯云，同济大学副校长及中共党委常委，1968年7月27日 李秋野，北京外貿學院院長，1968年 张敬人，上海工业大学校长及党委书记，1970年6月7日 （摘自：王友琴“文革受难者纪念园”） |
(1) Lu Ping and other “capitalist roaders” and “reactionary academic authority” were tyrannised by Red Guards. On May 25, 1966, Beijing University Nie Yuanxin pasted the big-character poster to attack Lu Ping and so on, Mao said it was “nation’s first Marxism-Leninism big-character poster”. (2) Jian Bozan and wife Dai Shuwan. Jian Bozan(1898-1968), renowned historian, 1937 joined CCP. From 1965 on, because Mao said he was “bourgeoisie reactionary academic authority”, so he was tyrannised continuously, was unable to withstand suffers, on December 18, 1968 night, both he and his wife suicide in the Beijing University. (3) In November, 1966 Chinese Writers' Association convened “Denounce Tian Han counter-party counter-socialism counter-Mao thought crime congress”. (4) Tian Han, writer of the P. R. C. national anthem song, president of Chinese Dramatist Association, after many times persecution, on December 10, 1968,died in the prison.
(1) In March, 1967, Beijing Normal University many teachers were labeled the “monsters and freaks” “history counter-revolutionary” “reactionary academic authority”, encountered brutal struggle. (2) Famous writer Ba Jin, was criticized many times. On June 20, 1968, “Television congress of lift up Mao thought great Red Flag, thoroughly fight proletariat’s enemy Ba Jin”, by Shanghai Writer's Association Revolution Rebellion Army Corps. (3) Tianjin Nankai University interrogated Zang Boping (party committee secretary, assistant president,) Gao Yangyun (secretary, assistant president) and Lou Ningxian (assistant president). (4) Hunan Province interrogated Hou Lian Bi (once a member of Kuomingtang).
(1) Newspaper "Red Repudiators", by Beijing criticizing bourgeoisie reactionary academic authority Contact Committee, on April 20, 1967. (2) Li Moran, Renowned artist, leader of Liaoning People's Dramatic Arts Theater, was interrogated by his staffs. (3) A so-called reactionary academic authority was tyrannised. (4) Zhang Delong (director of physical culture commission Hunan Province).
6. Mao said “worldwide chaos” to Jiang Qing already realized, all the nation hit the capitalist-roaders, overthrow Liu, Deng and Tao （1966.6～1967）
“Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang” was overthrown, Zhou Enlai also worked hard for this, on May 21, 1966, Zhou said in enlarged meeting of Politburo “Peng, Luo, Lu, Yang captured our positions one by one, they had pens, had guns, had party powers”. Then Beijing CCP Municipal Committee was reorganized. On July 8, 1966, Mao from Wuhan wrote to Jiang Qing “first get great disorder under heaven, then get great order under heaven”. Lin Biao took advantage of Mao and Mao had to make use of Lin Biao. All schools stoped enrollment, suspend classes to do revolution”, the factory suspended production,Mao did not hesitate all prices to defeat “China's Khrushchev”, eliminated Liu Shaoqi's influence, wanted Mao’sl dynasty not to change color, remove obstacles to his family succession. |
(1) Instigated by the Central Cultural Revolution Group, Beijing began a large-scale fighting capitalist roaders
(1) Hu Yaobang, Hu Keshi, Wang Wei (all were leaders of Central Committee of Communist Youth League) . were interrogated by their staffs on August, 1966. (2) On December 16, 1966, Kang Sheng, in “Beijing middle-school students criticizing bourgeoisie reactionary route pledge assembly” agitated to fight Liu Shaoqi. (3) Peng Zhen (CCP Political Bureau member, Beijing CCP committee secretary) and Liu Ren (CCP Beijing committee second secretary).
(1) On December 12, 1966, Red Guard struggled Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi and so on “the reactionary gang chief counter-revolutionary revisionist”. (2) Qi Yanming (vice-minister of CCP United Front Work Department, vice-minister of Culture Ministry). (3) Wan Li (Beijing deputy mayor). (4) Fan Jin (head of Beijing Daily, Beijing deputy mayor. Her brother was historian Fan Wenlan, her husband was Huang Jing who once was Tianjin mayor and First Ministry of Machine minister. Huang Jing once was Jiang Qing's husband. Fan Jin and Huang Jing have three dauders but one was persecuted the suicide, one of the two sons is Yu Zhengsheng ). (5) Lin Feng (CCP Central Party School principal, secretary).
(1) Bo Yibo (State Council vice-premier). (2) Xia Yan (famous writer, vice-minister of Culture Ministry). (3) Xu Liqun (leader of the CCP Propaganda department, vice- chief editor of the "Red Flag"magazine). (4) Zhou Yang (vice-minister of the CCP Propaganda department, vice-minister of Culture Ministry).
(1) Zhang Linzhi, Minister of Coal Industry Ministry, Mao once criticized him, on January 22, 1967, Zhang was interrogated by the rebels, and was beated to death, his family member also suffered persecution. (2) The scene of Beijing mass rally of interrogating Ma Huizhi (Ministry of Communications vice-minister) et al.. (3) Zheng Tianxiang (secretary of CCP Beijing Municipal committee).
Beijing “Thoroughly criticize monstrous crimes of Peng and Lu etc. counter-revolutionary revisionism group”, December, 1966.
Beijing “Thoroughly criticize monstrous crimes of Peng and Lu etc. counter-revolutionary revisionism group”, December, 1966.
Beijing “Thoroughly criticize monstrous crimes of Peng and Lu etc. counter-revolutionary revisionism group”, December, 1966.
Beijing “Thoroughly criticize monstrous crimes of Peng and Lu etc. counter-revolutionary revisionism group”, December, 1966.
Beijing “Thoroughly criticize monstrous crimes of Peng and Lu etc. counter-revolutionary revisionism group”, December, 1966.
(2) Red Guards travelling and connecting, nationwide appeared a large-scale fighting capitalist roaders
(1) Li Fanwu (Heilongjiang governor), Wang Yilun and so on. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2) Ren Zhongyi (secretary of the CCP Heilongjiang committee). Photo by Li Zhensheng. (3) Ren Zhongyi, Li Jianbai, Li Rui, Tan Yunhe and so on Heilongjiang Province leaders collectively were interrogated. Photo by Li Zhensheng.
(1) Wang Yilun (secretary of CCP Heilongjiang committee). Photo by Li Zhensheng (2) Lu Qi’en (Harbin mayor), Wang Yilun, Li Fanwu, Chen Lei (secretary of CCP Heilongjiang committee Secretariat). Photo by Li Zhensheng (3) Xu Shaofu (secretary of CCP Liaoning committee secretariat), Yu Ping (secretary CCP Central Committee Northeast Bureau), Gu Zhuoxin (secretary of CCP Central Committee Northeast Bureau Secretariat). Photo by Jiang Shaowu.
(1) In 1966, leaders of CCP Central Committee Northeast Bureau were interrogated in Shenyang. Photo by Jiang Shaowu. (2) In February, 1967, Shenyang 300,000 people held congress to interrogate leaders of CCP Central Committee Northeast Bureau. Photo by Jiang Shaowu. (3) In February, 1967, Shenyang interrogated Song Renqiong and so on “capitalism roaders”. Photo by Jiang Shaowu.
(1) Hu Xikui (secretary of CCP Committee Northwest Bureau), “member of Liu Shaoqi rebel group”. In October, 1966, Hu secret fled out of Xi'an (office site of CCP Committee Northwest Bureau)during the terror time of itting capitalist-roaders, but he was “captured alive” by Beijing and the Xi'an Red Guards collaborating “Graspe Rebel Group” , in 1970 he ws persecuted to death. (2) Wuhan interrogated Zhang Tixue (Hubei Province governor). (3) Picture poster “Overthrow Li Jingquan And A handful Partners”.
(3) From the “criticize China's Khrushchev" to fight Liu Shaoqi and his wife Wang Guangmei
On August 5, 1966, Mao wrote “bombard the headquarters”,began to aim his spear point to Liu; On August 12, The 11th Plenary Session of the 8th CCP Committee, Mao arranged Lin Biao to be the second position in CCP, Liu was from the decond to the eighth. On August 18, not passed through the Central Political Bureau Mao announced Lin Biao to be the vice-president of CCP and removed Liu's duty. On January 1, 1967, under the instigating of Mao and Jiang Qing and the “Central Cultural Revolution Group”, the rebellers posted “overthrown China's Khrushchev Liu Shaoqi” and so on slogan on Liu Shaoqi dwelling yard’s wall; On January 3, the rebellers had interrogated Liu Shaoqi and his wife Wang Guangmei directly; on 6th, the Tsinghua University rebellers falsely said to Wang Guangmei that her daughter met traffic accident, wanted her to arrive at the hospital, Wang Guangmei and Liu Shaoqi arrived at the hospital immediately, the rebellers “wisely” seized Wang Guangmei from hospital to be interrogated, Liu Shaoqi escaped to return to Zhongnanhai’s home under his bodyguard’s help. On 12th, Zhongnanhai rebellers “Red Rebellion Group” interrogated Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei once more. Later Liu and his wife was interrogated and beated unceasingly. On July 13, 1967, Mao left Beijing for a long time intentionally, Jiang Qing and her Central Cultural Revolution Group hosted the work. Some 100,000 rebellers besieged Zhongnanhai day and night, a “Clutch and fight Liu Shaoqi pledge assembly” was held. On July 18, Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei were clutched to the State Council Assembly Hall to be interrogated, and encountered beat mercilessly. Simultaneously, the husbands and wives of Deng Xiaoping and Tao Zhu were interrogated. In August, under Jiang Qing's support, the Central Cultural Revolution's Wang Li and Guan Feng stirred up the rebellers of Foreign Affairs Ministry, “bombard Chen Yi”, seized power of the Foreign Affairs Ministry, set on fire and had burnt the British Agency Stationed in China. |
(1) In May 1966, Liu Shaoqi received Nepalese Industry and Commerce minister and his wife. (2) In October, 1966, Liu Shaoqi put on the military uniform and held a Mao’s quotations to meet Red Guards with Mao. His right was Song Qingling. (3) In October, 1966, Liu put on Red Guards’ emblem and Deng Xiaoping and Zhou Enlai. (4) Liu Shaoqi and Jiang Qing. Photo by Du Xiuxian.
（1）经过毛修改由中央文革小组戚本禹写的《爱国主义还是卖国主义？评反动影片〈清宫秘史〉》1967年4月1日 人民日报和红旗杂志发表，第一次以“中国的赫鲁晓夫”公开指责刘少奇，该文章立即由人民出版社大量出版发行。（2）宣传画《向中国的赫鲁晓夫猛烈开火七亿人民都来做批判家》（3）书籍《毛主席批判中国的赫鲁晓夫》钢工总化工部第四设计院兵团1966年。（4）宣传画《从政治上思想上理论上彻底批倒批臭中国的赫鲁晓夫》1966年。（5）“刘少奇是中国的赫鲁晓夫”毛主席的红卫兵新北大誓死卫东战斗队1966年10月。
(1) In 1966 September, Red Guards of Harbin Architectural Engineering College wrote big-character poster “overthrow Chinese Khrushchev”. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (2) In September, 1966, huge cartoon poster in Harbin “Thoroughly smash Liu and Deng’s black headquarters” . Photo by Li Zhensheng. (3) PLA Air Force criticized China's Khrushchev. (4) In 1967, the People's Liberation Army raised a tide to criticize Liu Shaoqi, Peng Dehuai, Luo Ruiqing.
(1) On December 25, 1966, people lifted “overthrow Liu Shaoqi” “overthrow Deng Xiaoping” slogans in Tiananmen Square. (2) Beijing University, big-character poster “Deng Xiaoping Is Inner-party Capitalist Roader”. (3) In March, 1968, People's Liberation Army Navy criticized Liu Shaoqi.
On April 10, 1967, Tsinghua University interrogated Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei. 300,000 people joined the meeting, Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi, Luo Ruiqing, Bo Yibo and so on were compelled to “accompany interrogating”. Because Wang Guangmei once put on Mandarin Dress and worn necklace when she and Liu visited Indonesia and other countries, Jiang Qing intended to shame this, so the rebellers forced Wang to put on Mandarin Dress and hang a string pingpong on her neck as the “necklace”, and each pingpong ball was painted a fork.
(1) An other time Wang Guangmei was interrogated. (2) “Overthrow Inner-party’s Top-quality Capitalist roader in power, Liu Shaoqi”. (3) Book, “Overthrow Liu Shaoqi”. (4) Book, “Overthrow Liu Shaoqi, fight Wang Guangmei to become stale”. Shanghai teachers revolutionary rebellion general headquarters,1967.
(4) Down with Liu, Deng and Tao
Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei were tyrannised, and encountered beat mercilessly, simultaneously, husbands and wives of Deng and Tao Zhu were also interrogatet. Tao Zhu was originally the secretary of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Mao intended Tao to substitute for Peng Zhen, at the end of May, 1966 Mao then transferred him to Beijing, appointed to be Central Political Bureau member, State Council vice-premier, consultant of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, the fourth character of CCP. But Tao did not obey Jiang Qing's direction, did not coordinate with Jiang Qing to overthrow many CCP senior statesmen, therefore Maoand Jiang Qing said that Tao was not know to appreciate favours, immediately charged him “anti-party element” “rebel revolutiom” to overthrow him. |
(1) Mao and Tao Zhu and Yao’s wife. (2) In 1966, (from left) Zhou Enlai, Mao, Lin Biao, Tao Zhu (put on military uniform and the red emblem), this time Tao was the CCP’s fourth leader. (3) Lin Biao and Tao Zhu (put on military uniform and held a Mao’s quotations) on Tiananmen. (4) In September, 1966, Zhou Enlai,Tao Zhu and Chen Boda received the Red Guards..
(1) On July 18, and August 5, 1967, in Zhongnanhai several times “interrogation meetings” to Mr. and Mrs. Liu, Mr. and Mrs. Deng, Mr. and Mrs. Tao. On September 13, Wang Guangmei was arrested, in November she was detained in “Qin city jail”. Liu Shaoqi lost freedom, was tyrannised and beaten frequently. (2) On January 4, 1967, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng, Jiang Qing arranged over ten thousand of red guards and rebels to hold a “pledge assembly clutch and fight the counter-revolutionary double-dealer Tao Zhu”. in November, 1969 in Hefei,Tao was persecuted to death. In 1978 the CCP rehabilitated for him. (3) Zhou Enlai hosted the “pledge assembly clutch and fight the counter-revolutionary double-dealer Tao Zhu”. (4) “Overthrow Liu, Deng, Tao”. Beijing Aeronautical College, Red Flag Fight Team “Fight Liu Deng Tao Army Corps”. April, 1967.
(1) “Overthrow Liu Shaoqi! Overthrow Deng Xiaoping! Overthrow Tao Zhu!” Red Guards Shanghai Headquarters, February, 1967. (2) Red Guards’ “Overthrow Tao Zhu Memoir”. 1967. (3) Red Guards’ newspaper: Mao, Zhou Enlai, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng, Jiang Qing speech about to interrogate Tao Zhu.
(1) “Evil History of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping”. New Beijing University magazine, Shenyang office, 1967. (2) “Tao Zhu’s crimes assembly--120 examples of Tao’s counter-Mao Zedong Thought crimes”. April, 1967. (3) " Thoroughly criticize Liu, Deng, Tao Bourgeoisie Reactionary Route”. China Scientific and Technical University, East Is Red Commune, criticize Liu Deng Tao bourgeoisie reactionary route connecting station. April, 1967. (4) “Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Tao Zhu roll out from the Central Party Committee!” (5) “Overthrow Liu Deng Tao!” the slogan still can be seen on house wall in countryside, Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province.
(5) All Universities and the primary and secondary schools closed, factories closed suspend production
(1) Red Guards smarshed the gate of Tsinghua University. This was called “break four olds”(Elimination of the Four Stereotypes). Universities of all the country stoped to recruit students, the youths had to do Cultural Revolution. (2,3) In 1969 most teachers of Shanghai Tongji University were released to Anhui countryside to do farm work.
(1) Sichuan Foreign Language College suspended classes to do revolution. (2) 1966~1968 these three year high-school students, because the university stop recruitment, all were detained “to do revolution” in their middle school, in 1968 they were “educated youth” “go to the mountains and countryside”, settle down to the countryside. When in 1978 restored the college entrance examination, they surpassed the college entrance age, still allowed to participate the college entrance examination, were called “the three graduating classes” students. (3) Elementary students of all country suspended classes, they were “little red guards”. (4) Students and youth always lifted Mao’s portraits to parade or to propaganda Mao’s thought.
(1) Giant power propaganda car. (2) The rebel students in military schools used tweeter group in interrogating meeting and propaganda. 1967. (3) A middle school’s revolution rebellers’ meeting. (4) criticizing the “capitalist-roaders” and the “reactionary gang” .
All schools suspended classes, factories suspended production, on the street always had parade and propagandizing, everyday had new big-character posters.
(1) The big-character poster wall, Beijing (near North Sea). 1967. Photo by Weng Naiqiang. (2) Artists of Beijing Chang'an Street were painting the picture poster. 1967. Photo by Weng Naiqiang. (3) Red Guards carried on revolutionary propaganda in Beijing street. 1966. Photo by Xu Lin.
