Take Two, trying just to publish the text.
On September 9, 1966, Mao wrote on a document of Foreign Affairs Ministry: “come a revolutionization, otherwise it will be very dangerous” (referred to as “Sept.9 instruction”). The rebellers of Foreign Affairs Ministry set up a “Sept.9 Army Corps” and report to Zhou Enlai that they would hold a ten thousand persons meeting to criticize Chen Yi’s bourgeoisie reactionary route. On January 18, 1967, Zhou Enlai entrusted Chen Yi (minister of Foreign Affairs Ministry) to interview rebellion representatives of Foreign Affairs Ministry, Chen Yi said that the service of Foreign Affairs Ministry was decided by the party committee, but the rebellers might join the “surveillance”. On January 24, Chen Boda, Jiang Qing and so on attended the congress of criticizing Chen Yi in the People’s Great Hall. Under the instigation by Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng, Red Guards from Foreign Languages College and so on many times Rushed in Foreign Affairs Ministry to clutch Chen Yi to interrogate, Zhou Enlai arrived at the scene to protect Chen Yi. From May 16 on, many big-character posters and slogans appeared in Foreign Affairs Ministry: “Zhou Enlai is the bourgeoisie reactionary route's decision maker and performers, is not comrade of Chairman Mao and Vice-President Lin, is not member of Chairman Mao’s headquarters!” “Bombard Zhou Enlai is not bombard proletariat headquarters!”, “Bombard Zhou Enlai is the current movement general orientation!”......Mao thought it beyond redemption, on May 29 he hinted that could not bombard Zhou. From July 15 on, Foreign Languages College composed a “Army of Clutching Chen Yi”, arrived at the gate of Foreign Affairs Ministry daily, shouted to hand ove “three-antis element” Chen Yi to them, otherwise never retreated. Xie Fuzhi (vice-premier, minister of Public Security Ministry, Director of Beijing Revolutionary Committee) and Qi Benyu (Central Culture Revolution) and so on went to the gate of Foreign Affairs Ministry “salute” Red Guards” “revolutionary action”. On August 7, Foreign Affairs Ministry held meeting to criticizing Chen Yi, Wang Li (Central Culture Revolution) said that the Foreign Affairs Ministry should seize power and overthrow Chen Yi. This was afterward joked to call “Wang 87speech”. Several hundred rebellers rushed in the conference site to clutch Chen Yi, in order to prevent Chen Yi “to run away”, they deflated Chen Yi's automobile tires, Zhou Enlai arranged two company soldiers to come to rescue Chen Yi. On August 11, 1967, more than ten thousand people’s “meeting of interrogating the three-antis element Chen Yi” in People’s Great Hall, hosted by Foreign Affairs Ministry and the Foreign Languages College joined “Criticizing Chen Yi Connecting statin”, and “May 16 Army Corps” which was organized by Yao Dengshan. Chen Yi was force to bend his body, some people rushed to the podium to hit Chen Yi.On August 19, rebellers seized power of Foreign Affairs Ministry, the slogan “overthrow Liu, Deng and Chen” was sent in various countries' Embassy or Consulates. Ji Pengfei and Qiao Guanhua and other leaders of Foreign Affairs Ministry, were forced to Wangfujing street to send out "Combat Chen Reports", then were shut in basement to write “the self-criticism”. Because on August 22, a news “Hong Kong Factory had the labor dispute, Hong Kong authority sent police to suppress”, ten thousand rebellers held “denounce meeting” at the gate of British in China Agency. Zhou Enlai urgently arrived there to stop the rebel till the night. but the people crash in the Agency forcefully, set on fire and had burnt the office building and the automobiles. State Council’s other Department and Ministry also were in rebellion. In Zhongnanhai rebellers clutched Liu Shaoqi, simultaneously rebellers proposed “clutch capitalist-roaders in Army”. Zhou Enlai sent Yang Chengwu to go to Shanghai to report Mao immediately. Mao did not give answer. Although Mao in Shanghai but knew from A to Z about Beijing’s situation. Mao in Shanghai said to the Albanian visitors: “Recently, our Foreign Affairs Ministry is lively, they want overthrow Chen Yi, Ji Pengfei, Qiao Guanhua, who can work as foreign minister and vice-minister? ....... Of Chen Yi, I am not pleased him, but to choose a foreign minister is also difficult! Therefore, I advocated that bombard him but not overthrow him.” But afterward Mao thought that “clutch capitalist-roaders in Army” to endanger his power, he uncharacteristically wrote on Wang Li’s “August 7 speech” manuscript “ it is a big, big, big poisonous weeds!” So, Wang Li, Qi Benyu, Yao Dengshan ended their political fortune. |
Began from July, 1966, all country formed a high tide of fighting “capitalist-roaders”,“reactionary academic authority” and “five kinds of elements”, many persons were killed, it was called “red terror” or “red August”. This time Mao frequently interviewed Red Guards, Mao once instructed: “the party's policies do not advocate beating. But carry on the class analysis about beating. beat bad guys who get deserve, bad guys beat a good man who is glory; a good man beat a good man both are misunderstood. From now on cannot beat again. Must present the facts, speak the truth.” On July 26, 1966, Peng Xiaomeng, a girl middle-school student，in front of Jiang Qing and more than 10,000 people on congress podium in Beijing University, beat Zhang Chengxian (leader of work team of Beijing University) with the leather belt, Jiang Qing said Peng was “little sun”. On July 28, 1966, Jiang Qing said to middle-school students of Beijing Haidian District, transmitted Mao’s speech “good man beat bad guys who get deserve”, in fact encouraged the youth to beat. Beijing's middle school Red Gguards (mainly “old Red Guards”, namely children of senior CCP officials) established “dare-to-die corps”, “ Red Guards Police”, private jails. Only in Beijing’s two middle schools, killed and injured to cripples more than 200 people (“five black categories members”, most were teachers). Red Guards of the Beijing Sixth Middle-school, to wrote “long live the red torror!” on the wall with the blood of the killed “class enemy”. On July 25, 1966, Liaoning University had labeled 409 “rightists”. On August 22, 1966, Mao issued a document “refuse to send out police to suppress revolutionary mass movement”, it stipulated: “do not permit by any excuse to send police to interfere, to suppress revolutionary students movement, all police do not enter the school, except the present counter-revolutionary, do not arrest anyone.” Because the most beaters were “five red categories” students, so it give a “legitimate basis” for the killers could be investigated.
According to incomplete statistics, in Beijing, in more than one months 1,772 people were killed, 33,695 households were confiscated family's property, 85,198 people were pursued out off Beijing. Because “revolutionary travel and contact” the “red torror” expanded from Beijing to all country. In January, 1967, Xi'an railway station was hanging “long live the red torror!” red big slogan. Many countryside had set up “Poor Peasant Supreme Court” for arbitrary killings.
On July 21, 1967, Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng made a name list of false charge against the CCP’s eighth session members of Central Committee. In August, Kang Sheng again made a name list of false charge against the third and fourth National People's Congress permanent committee members. Among 159 standing members of the 4th National Political Consultative Conference Committee member, 74 were slandered as the “spy”, “rebel”and “counter-revolutionary”. Various provinces and cities, there were massive injustice cases, several hundred thousand people were persecuted. “Inner Mongolian Popular Party Case” caused more than 346,000 people to suffer persecution, more than 16,000 people were persecuted to die; “East of Hebei Province case” caused 8,240,000 people to receive false charges, more than 2900 people were persecuted to die; Also had “Xinjiang rebel group case”, “Northeast gang to betray the party and the counter-revolutionary bloc case” and so on. Also tens of thousands of people were persecuted to die in the literary and art circles, scientific and technical circles and so on.
The following are captions to Mr. Mu's photographs. After reading them over I think there's sufficient information conveyed for them to be meaningful even without the photos.
(1) On August 18, 1966, Mao first interviewed Red Guards, Peng Xiaomeng was arranged by the Central Cultural Revolution Group on Tian An Men rostrum to speak. On August 1, 1966, Mao wrote to Red Guards of Tsinghua Attached Middle School, in the letter Mao mentioned Peng specially Xiaomeng’s name. On July 26, 1966, Peng Xiaomeng, a girl middle-school student，in front of Jiang Qing and more than 10,000 people on congress podium in Beijing University, beat Zhang Chengxian (leader of work team of Beijing University) with the leather belt, Jiang Qing said Peng was the “little sun”. (2) Peng Xiaomeng afterward had also been interrogated. (3) “Beijing Western City Red Guard Police No.Tenth order”. Red Guard Police had some contribution to maintain order when Mao interview Red Guards, but they had many significant crimes in hitting “monsters and freaks”, “broken four olds” and so on. (4) On August 27, “Qinghua Attached Middle School Red Guards” beat Chen Yanrong to die, Chen was a worker, the crme was only he came from a “rich farmer” family. Red Guards wrote the “proof of getting the corpse” to Chen’s family members who must pay 28 Yuan and depending on this proof then could cremate the corpse. Chen’s was injured by the Red Guards who said that killing one of the “five black categories” was only a “28 Yuan money matter”. At the same day, in October, 1966, Beijing had 228 people were killed. CCP sent out the topic “hit the Old World completely” document, reported in 1966 summer Red Guards “broken four olds” got achievement, including many many confiscated the personal houses, gold silver, cash and other property, 1,772 people were killed.
(1) On June 1, 1966, People's Daily published “Sweeps Away All Monsters and Freaks”, wrote by Chen Boda (Leader of Central Cultural Revolution Group). It agitated to overthrow all. (2) Chen Xiaoyu, famous writer and reporter in People's Daily, in August, 1966, also inner the People's Daily agency clutched and fought the “monsters and freaks”, Chen Xiaoyu and Wu Lengxi and so on leaders of the agency were labeled the “capitalist-roader” and forced to kneel on the stage, received beat, spits, whip, on August 24 he suicide (the same day the renowned writer Lao She suicide). (3) “Long live the red terror! " Wuhan Workers Rebellion Army.1966. (4) “Long live great red terror! " Beijing Aviation Industry shool “Jinggang Mountains” fight team. August, 1966.
Picking up again now with the text in Chinese:
The ghosts worried to see that-- “Long live red torror!”
(Harbin Five Red Categories Juniors rebellion Congress Newspaper “Red Descendant” Editorial)
鬼见愁——红色恐怖万岁
（哈尔滨市红五类子弟造反大会会刊《红后代》社论）
我们高呼：红色恐怖万岁！
今天，我们搞红色恐怖，明天，我们还要搞红色恐怖，只要有不符合毛泽东思想的东西存在，我们就要造反，就要搞红色恐怖！
毛主席说：“革命不是请客吃饭，不是做文章，不是绘画绣花，不能那样雅致，那样从容不迫，文质彬彬，那样温良恭俭让。革命是暴动，是一个阶级推翻一个阶级的暴烈的行动。”我们要砸烂旧世界，要横扫一切牛鬼蛇神，要在全中国，全世界树立毛泽东思想的绝对权威，
就必须对一切旧的东西大杀大砍。文文雅雅、慢慢腾腾怎么能行呢！？怎么能在框框里干革命呢？！
有人一见到红色恐怖，听到我们喊造反有理，就胆战心惊、大发雷霆。什么“不按党的方针政策办事呀！”什么“这样太乱了吧。”统统都是胡说八道。天下，是我们的！江山，是我们的！我们翻身了，我们执政了。我们造了牛鬼蛇神的反，罢了牛鬼蛇神的官，专了它们的政，我们扬眉吐气了，谁敢在我们面前专横跋扈，不可一世，我们就叫它去见阎王。害怕红色恐怖的家伙们，实话告诉你们：对红色恐怖持有什么态度，是真假革命者的试金石。
我们是天生的造反者，我们是旧世界的批判家。我们的父兄，在战火纷飞的战斗岁月里跟着毛主席踏遍了万水千山，夺得了政权，打下了江山。今天，我们——革命事业的继承者，毛泽东思想的红卫兵，跟着最高统帅毛主席又燃起了无产阶级文化大革命的熊熊烈火。头可断，血可流，毛泽东思想不能丢！血未干，仇未忘，无产阶级专政不能放！上刀山，下火海，党的领导不能篡。我们红色的后代起来了，起来保政权、捍江山。
毛主席教导我们：“不止不行，不塞不流，不破不立。”我们造反是造定了，我们还要在红色恐怖的烈火上加油，烧！烧！烧！！烧掉旧世界，建立无产阶级的新世界，建立毛泽东思想的红世界。
造反有理！造反到底！
红色恐怖万岁！
一九六六年九月二十二日（哈尔滨市红五类子弟造反大会会刊《红后代》编辑部）
Below, citing to Dr. Youqin Wang.
From May 1966 on, Red Guards carried on wantonly to persecute to the persons so-called “class enemy”, tyrannised, confiscated family's property, or killed. Large quantities of Chinese Communist Party senior officials (capitalist-roaders), senior intellectuals (reactionary academic authority) and “the five kinds of elements” (landlord or capitalist, rich pensant, counter-revolotionary, bad element, rightist) were suffered persecution to die. Beijing nearby Chongwenmen, a female landlord widow was killed with the boiling water by agroup of Red Guards. In late August 1966, Beijing urban district had several thousand people were killed by Red Guards. In this red terror, the “capitalist-roaders”, “reactionary academic authority” and “the five kinds of elements” the number of been killd is unable the statistics. The details may see Wang Youqin "The Great Cultural Revolution Victims”, Hong Kong Open Magazine Publishing House, 2004.
(1) Beijing Daixing County event
From August 27 to September 1, 1966, Beijing Daixing County took place the tragedy of collective slaughtering the “five kinds of elements” (landlords or captalists, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad elements, rightists); successively 325 people, the oldst was 80 years old, the youngest only 38 days were killed, among them 22 households were exterminated completely. The old age “five black categories” were killed with clubs, the babies and infants were splited in two half, the youth “five black categories” were locked up then slowly tortured to death as a "play" . (It recorded in “The Great Cultural Revolution Ten Years History", Tianjin People's Publishing House, September, 1986). The Daixing County slaughter event was not the isolated phenomenon in the Great Cultural Revolution, all around the country were happening similar tragedy.
(2) Hunan Dao County event
In 1967 year, in Hunan Dao County, everywhere were slogans of “utterly wipe out the black four kinds, guarantee the nation forever to be red” and the murder notices of the “Poor Peasant Supreme Court”, from August 13 to October 17, 66 days, involves 2778 households, altogether died 4519 people, among them 4193 were killed and 326 were forced to suicide ...... The neighbor of Dao County in Lingling area’s counties also killed people: unnatural death 9093, amomg them 7696 were killed, 1397 suicide;
moreover, 2146 injured or disabled. The oldest 78 years old, smallest only 10 days, the murder methods: by sword, gun, spear, club, water inundating, fire, buried alive, etc. And more than 14,000 people were persecuted directly implicating in the murder event. Only then in 1984, the authority gave a paper of “ rehabilitation written notice” with a little pension to the victim family members. Also more than 1000 slaughters obtained the “party and government disciplinary measures”, few were set imprisonment's punishment.
(3) Guangxi Binyang County event
In July and August 1968 (the event may be pigeonholed to “the second red torror”, but the country is huge, from Beijing come here need time), Guangxi Binyang County, arranged from the county revolutionary committee to the people's commune, listed “23 kind of people” (five black elements, those who befrore 1949 were Kuomintang gowernment stuffs, education-through-labor to release personnels, and so on), 3951 were killed or compelled suicide.
Mao wanted his emperor clan’s authority continued, only overthrew Liu Shaoqi and so on several people was not enough, must prevent China to present matters such as Khrushchev counter-Stalin, must grasp reliably the authority in his own persons. From September to October 1966, Xi'an and Taiyuan and so on cities the rebellers attack the CCP committee of provincial and city municipal, Lin Biao wrote a report “deliver Chairman to read, the northwest situation endured the attention really”. Mao wrote comment on it immediately: “Comrade Lin Biao: This is the big good deed. The left wing needs to prepare to sacrifice several thousand people to receive in exchange for right wing tens of thousands people.” Because impossible completely wipe out all people in power, so a part of leaders were labelled as the “capitalist-roaders”, other leaders were labelled as “left wing”, but who was the “capitalist-roaders” and who was “left wing”? The rebelles already splited up to different cliques and factions. Mao summoned that the rebellers to get great union, captured all levels of Party committee's power. Mao did not give attention to the situation of the chaotic nation and the hard living of the people.
Below, captions to photos. Amazing photos.
On February 16, 1967, Heilongjiang rebellers seized power, after smashing the “Harbin People's Government” sign, raised up a Slogan “Break the old organization to establish the new political power! All authorities turn over to the red rebellers!” and a sign “Harbin People's Commune”. The “Commune Manifesto" declared: “Abolished all authorities of the original Municipal CCP Committee, Municipal People's Commune, all authorities turn over to the Commune”. Photo by Li Zhensheng.
Text:
In January, 1967, under the Central Cultural Revolution Group's instigation, all nation’s rebellers carried on seizing power greatly. On 10th, Heilongjiang rebellers seized provincial Party Committee's power. On 14th Shanxi provincial Party committee was seized power, on 25th People's Daily published “Great victory of the Shanxi Province’s proletarian cultural revolution”. On 17th Changsha Municipal Party committee was seized power. In Beijing, on 18th the national finance and trade system rebellers seized power, on 19th ministry of higher education, the CCP Central Propaganda Department, the CCP united front work department, the CCP organization department, Ministry of Culture and so on many central and Beijing City’s ministries were seized power. On 25th People's Daily published “Warmly cheer Guizhou revolution left wing seized the great seals”, People's Daily on February 1 published the editorial “Southwest Spring Thunder" eulogizes Guizhou’s seizing power once more. On January 21, Guangdong,provincial party committee was seizes power , on 26th Yunnan, on 27th Shandong and so on. On 27th, Nie Yuanxin and Kuai Dafu prepared to set up "Beijing Revolutionary Rebellion Commune”. Shanghai rebels and seizing power took place in February. Although on January 4 and 5th “Wenhui Daily” and “Liberation Daily" were seized power, and Shanghai’s rebellers attempted 4 times to seize municipal CCP committee's power, but encountered opposition by Zhang Chunqiao and so on, on 28th Shanghai's partial rebellers organized to initiate “Bombard Zhang Chunqiao”, and rebellers internal took place militant fight; Shanghai rebellers officially seized power on February 5, 1967. Mao and the Central Cultural Revolution Group intentionally said that the nation’s “seizing power” is “Shanghai January Windstorm”, because Jiang Qing conspired under Mao’s support in Shanghai to concoct to criticize drama Hai Rui Dismissed from Office to start the Cultural Revolution, so Jiang Qing’s “Shanghai Gang” set up “the first-class honor”, Mao set up Shanghai as the model of the Great Cultural Revolution, the revolutionary laurel crown presented for Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen et al. So called “Shanghai January Windstorm” was Mao’s important step to support and encourage them carefully to form a gang.
On February 5, after Shanghai rebellers seized power, it announced the “Shanghai People's commune” was established, Zhang Chunqiao was the director, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen were sssistant director. On February 7, Henan rebellers seized the provincial power and established “February 7 Commun”. On 16th, Heilongjiang rebellers seized power and established “Harbin People's Commune”. Mao questioned the name of the power, said: “If various provinces and cities are called the People's commune, what that State Council call? What the People's Republic of China call? This has question about changing regime, must change to China People's Commune? The president of PRC call China People's Commune director or Commune head? Follows on is also a problem: the foreign countries do or do not acknowledge. The Soviet Union will not acknowledge, because if they acknowledged that can bring troublesome to them, how come out a China People's Commune? It is not good ......it is better to call the revolutionary committee”. Afterward Mao’s these words were changed to “the revolutionary committee is good” and waspropagandized wantonly. On 23rd, Shanghai People's Commune renamed to be Shanghai Revolutionary Committee. All of the country imitated this.
(1) In December, 1966, in Shanghai, Wang Hongwen and the rebellers created all city’s stoping of railroad, public transportation, shipment, water supply and power, ten thousand people besieged Shanghai CCP committee institution, ten thousand people went to Beijing to complain on foot. On January 6, 1967, a congress of criticizing city CCP leaders was held. (2) On January 4,Shanghai “Wenhui Daily” was seized power, on January 5 “Liberation Daily” was seized power; on 8th, Map praised seizing power newspapers: “This is a class overthrowing another class, this is a great revolution ......Shanghai’s revolution forces get up, the nation is hopeful.” Shanghai cheered Wenhui Daily's new life. (3) On January 5, Shanghai 11 public organizations sent out “To make revolution, promote production, thoroughly smash bourgeoisie reactionary route newly counter-attacking”.
(1) On January 10, Mao instructed Chen Boda to draft the telegram to congratulate Shanghai rebels who seized power. On January 11 all country’s newspapers published the telegram of “CCP Central, State Council, Central Military Committee. Central Cultural Revolution Group”. In order to promote Jiang Qing's status, hereafter all the CCP documents were namely from this four signatures. On January 10 Zhou Enlai said “Central Cultural Revolution Group is Mao’s best general staff.” At the beginning of February, Mao said in expanded CCP Political Bureau meeting: “At present the Cultural Revolution Group has represented the secretariat”, completed the comprehensive Jiang Qing power authority. (2) Shanghai rebellers held the grand assembly celebration to have Mao’s support. (3,4) Rebellers after capture Shanghai's party politics power authority at first called the new power “Shanghai Red Paris Commune”, and also called “Shanghai People's Commune”.
Okay, that worked, sort of. The above constitutes the first part of Chapter 3.2, which I have designated 3.2-1. We will pick up next time with 3.2-2.
