Below is the edited version of the first part of Chapter 1.2 that appears unedited, but with photographs, on March 7.
8. Counter-revolutionary movement killed three million people for consolidating Mao’s power（1950-1956）
(1) Suppression of counter-revolutionary movement
The suppress counter revolutionary movement was a nationwide political activity from December 1950 to October 1951, checked and suppressed counter revolutionary members, simultaneously, there were “three great movements” to be arrived by CCP, the other two were Korean War and Land Reform. The CCP issued “Instruction about severely suppress counter revolutionaries’ activity" in March, 1950. Mao said: “do not waste this opportunity, perhaps it is only this one time to suppress counter revolutionaries, will not has later. Once in a blue moon. You have to make good use of the capital ......” CCP held the conference to discuss the kill proportion specially: “according to the population 1/1000 proportions, first kill half of this number. See the situation then make decision”. Mao clearly requested in 6,000,000 population’s |
(1) Luo Ruiqing, Ministry of Public Security Minister, made the pep-talk about suppressing counter revolutionaries in 1951. But he himself was suppressed in the Cultural Revolution as counter-Mao, counter-revolutionary. (2) The CCP’s People's Daily on February 21, 1951, published “Rules of the People's Republic of China Jiangsu Changzhou City Shenyang
(1) In 1951 Qingdao City Kunming City Guangzhou
In 1951 every regions had held congress to execute the “counter-revolutionaries”. (1) Beijing Hunan Changde City Shenyang City
In 1951-1952 every regions had held congress to execute the “counter-revolutionaries”. (1) Chongren town in Cheng County , Zhejiang Anshan City Sichuan
In 1951-1952 every regions had held congress to execute the “counter-revolutionaries”. (1) Beijing Shanghai Tianjin Chongqing
In 1951-1952 every regions had held congress to execute the “counter-revolutionaries”. (1) Pinghu, Jiaxing City , Zhejiang Hunan Shenyang City
In 1951-1952 every regions had held congress to execute the “counter-revolutionaries”.
(1) "On a grand scale Suppress counter revolutionaries" the East China Shanghai people Broadcasting station edits, work publishing house in 1951. (2) “On a grand scale Suppress counter revolutionaries” Group Power Publishing House, 1951. (3) “On a grand scale Suppress counter revolutionaries". Liberation Daily News Picture (eight), 1951. (4) Cadres Study Document “Firmly suppress counter revolutionaries, Special Edition”. Gansu East China People's Publishing Agency, 1952.
(1) Picture-and-story book "Three Times Go to Beijing
(1) Picture poster “Eliminate Counter-revolutionaries”, 1951. (4) The propagandist handbook “Continues firmly suppress counter revolutionaries and ban reactionary religious societies”. Shandong Shanghai
(2) “Three Antis” and "Five Antis" movement
All the nation was in a large-scale “suppress counter revolutionaries” and “purge of Hu Feng counterrevolutionary bloc” ((basic end in August 1953), the movement had not ended, at the end of 1951 to the end of 1952 again launched the “three anti's and five anti's” movement (three antis: against corruption, waste, bureaucracy. five antis: bourgeois profiteers bribery, tax evasion, jerry, theft of state property, theft of state economic intelligence. In fact it was from the business circles and the economic domain attack “counter-revolutionary”, consolidated political power. Every regions all levels of “the suppress counter revolutionaries committee” sent the written notice to the whole city industrial household separately “the law-abiding person”, “the basic law-abiding person”, “partly to obey the law half illegal person”. |
(1) In November, 1951，“Three Antis” “Five Antis” propaganda team performed on street of Changsha City Tianjin Shanghai Hebei Shijiazhuang City
(1) In 1952 Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai
(1) “The Three Antis and Five Antis Elements” were paraded through the streets before to be executed in Yunnan Province Hunan Changsha City CCP Chongqing Wuxi County
(3) Suppression "Hu Feng counterrevolutionary group"
In 1950s after the Chinese national constitution announcement less than one year, Mao’s CCP trampled the national constitution to launch a large-scale literary inquisition, “Suppress Hu Feng counterrevolutionary bloc”, was also Mao carried on a “Cultural Revolution” preview. On May 13, 1955, People's Daily published “Materials of the Hu Feng counter-revolutionary bloc”; Mao wrote the editorial said that Hu Feng is "a hidden camp of the counter-revolutionary factions”. On May 18, Hu Feng was arrested and put in prison. On June 18, Mao instructed that “must take a clear stand, launch a campaign politically, organizationally purge of Hu Feng counterrevolutionary bloc”. Statistics indicated that so-called “Hu Feng counter-revolutionary bloc case” altogether involved more than 2100 people, 92 were arrested, 62 isolated people, 73 suspended and introspected. In fact the persons suffered the persecution were far these, it evolved spreading national all institutions, associations, army, schools and enterprise (state-operated, cooperative society and public-private jointly operation), for maintenance of Mao’s dictatorship. In September, 1980, the CCP could not but completely abolished so-called “Hu Feng counter-revolutionary bloc case”. |
(1) Mr. Hu Feng and his wife, Ms. Mei Zhi, in 1980. Photo by Wu Peng. Hu Feng (1902~1985), literary theoretician, poet, literature translator. In 1955 Mao said that Hu Feng et al. “take overthrowing the People's Republic of China
(1) On May 13, 1955, People's Daily and Guangming Daily published materials on the Hu Feng counterrevolutionary bloc. Worker's Daily because emphasize its own characteristic, did not publish such materials, Mao criticism: “the working class is inferior to the bourgeoisie; Worker's Daily is inferior to the Guangming Daily”. All persons of the Worker's Daily were shocked, had arranged a full page of Hu Feng group's critique at the same night. This was the Worker's Daily reprinted the Liaoning Daily’s text of criticizing Hu Feng. (2) "Materials on the Hu Feng counterrevolutionary clique", People's Publishing Agency, 1955. (3) “Cartoon Collection, Firmly Eliminate Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Bloc and All Hidden Counter-revolutionaries". People's Arts Publishing House, 1955. (4) “Cartoon Collection, Firmly Eliminate Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Bloc and All Counter-revolutionaries". Sichuan
(1) Cultural Revolution newspaper “Mass Criticism Memoir (Chairman Mao Discussed Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Bloc)", 1967. (2) "Southwest Music" supplement "Firmly and Thoroughly Crushed Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Bloc", 1955. (3) Inner-party document “Eliminate Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Bloc and All Hidden Counter-revolutionaries", 1955. (4) Admission ticket of Assembly of Ai Siqi criticizing Hu Shi thought. (5) Admission ticket of the congress of counterrevolutionaries suppression activist (provide by Xu Shanbin)
(4) Other major injustice cases of attack intellectuals
1951-1952 “Critique movie ‘Wu Xun Biography’ case” In 1946, the famous director Sun Yu trip back from the United States, edited a movie script about a Shandong folk tale “Wu Xun begs for encouragement”, supported by Song Qingling, educationalist Tao Xingzhi and famous actor Zhao Dan, in March, 1948, Nanjing's China Film Studio began shooting "Wu Xun Biography”, in 1950 completed by the Kunlun Mountains Film Company. After scrutinization by Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Hu Qiaomu and so on, got affirmation, and it was public shown at the beginning of 1951. On May 20, 1951, Mao published his article with an editorial on People's Daily, “Pay attention to discussion of film ‘Wu Xun Biography’”, in July, 1951, Jiang Qing carried on Mao’s instruction to investigate “History of Wu Xun”, did a large scale criticizing Wu Xun, and had made large quantities of injustice cases, Sun Yu, Zhao Dan and so on were persecuted as the “bad elements”. 1956, “Ding Ling and Chen Qixia Antiparty Bloc Case” in Chinese Writers' Association, Ding Ling (1904-1986) ， woman writer. 1936 arrived at Yan’an, Mao and Zhou Enlai and so on hosted the welcoming banquet for her. Afterward Mao was very close with her, Mao wrote a poem to approve Ding Ling (Mao had never written any other poem to commend individual). In February, 1942, Mao Zedong participated in the wedding of Ding Ling and the Chen Ming and delivered pen and the diary. Mao invited her to participate in Mao and Jiang Qing’s wedding, but was absent because she knew that Jiang Qing was unhappy about her. In 1950-1955, Ding Ling was Director of the literary arts group of Chinese Propaganda Department, vice-president of chief editor of "Literary Newspaper” and "People's Literature". In 1954 Ding Ling was under the attack. In 1956 the CCP organized counterrevolutionary suppression, had done a “Ding Ling and Chen Qixia Antiparty Bloc”. In September, 1957, Mao Zedong said: “The Bourgeois intellectuals did the literature to be very bad. Ding Ling is such a big writer and party member, now might drive out her, the matter will more easy to do, the literary arts will develop”. In 1957, Ding Ling was labeled a rightist, was exiled for eight years to the Great Northern Wilderness, and afterward was imprisoned in the Qin City Jail five years. A lot of person were involved in “Ding the Chen Antiparty Bloc” and suffered persecution. Chen Qixia (1913-1988), writer. In 1933 joined CCP. Ding Ling and Chen Qixia knew in 1941 when they first cooperation in "Liberation Daily" literary column, less than one year. In September, 1949, they work together in "Literary Newspaper" till to January, 1952, more than two years. In 1955 he was bewildered to fall into injustice case of “Ding Ling and Chen Qixia Antiparty Bloc”, afterward became “rightist”, and in 1979 only then was “rehabilitation”. 1958, "Li Zhilian, Li Xin, Zhang Hai and Cui Yi anti-Party Group" After the "Ding Ling and Chen Qixia Anti-party Bloc case” in 1956, In May 1958, Chinese Writers‘ Association President Zhou Yang said that Ding Ling wrote private letter to Li Zhilian was the “counter-party confidential letter” ,“evidence of Ding Ling the Li Zhilian plotted to reverse the verdict” and “kept records in expectation of couterreolutionaris come-back”. Then Zhou Yang and Lu Dingyi (Central Committee of the CCP propaganda Ministor) cooperated to do a “Li Zhilian, Li Xin, Zhang Hai and Cui Yi anti-Party Group Case". Li Zhilian (1913-2006, writer) was dismissed the CCP membership and delivered to countryside reform-through-labor; Li Xin was labeled as the “rightist”. One group of writers suffered persecution for the case. In 1978 the case had a “rehabiliation”. (But in the Cultural Revolution, Zhou Yang and Lu Dingyi came under merciless persecutions). In addition, in 1955, the literary and art circles had done “Shu Qun, Luo Feng, Bai Lang Antiparty Bloc”, in 1957 also uncovered a “Jiang Feng right wing antiparty bloc”, in Hainan a “Feng Baiju antiparty bloc”, in Changchun Motion Picture Studio a “Xiaobailou antiparty bloc”, in Jiangxi a“Xu De’ai and Liu Jiufeng antiparty bloc” and so on countless “antiparty bloc”. |
