This is the final installment of Mr. Mu's book
9. People forever are only able to be yes-men
(1) In August, 1966, the eleventh plenary session of the eighth CCP Committee issued “Decision about Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”, namely the “Sixteen Items”. The Tiananmen Square hundreds of thousands of people assembled to “firmly support the CCP’s decision (the 16 Items)”. (2) Guangzhou 500,000 persons assembled to cheer “the Sixteen Items”. (3) Heilongjiang Harbin populace cheered “the Sixteen Items”; Photo by Li Zhensheng. (4,5) Each region “propagandize 16 the Items, support the 16 Items, sing the 16 Items, act according to the 16 Items”.
(1) In August, 1966, Mao posted a “Bombard the Headquarters” big-character poster in Beijing Zhongnanhai, the whole nation supported firmly, responed enthusiastically. (2) The cadres and staff of the Foreign Affairs Ministry responded “bombard the headquarters”, immediately criticized the “Chen Yi’s bourgeoisie reactionary route” in ten thousand people meeting. In 1967 January to September, Chen Yi was interrogated many times. (3) In 1967, Harbin hundreds of thousands people “bombard the headquarters and fight the capitalist-roaders”. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (4) Shenyang hundreds of thousands people interrogated the capitalist-roaders. Photo by Jiang Shaowu.
(1,2) In July, 1967, Mao sent his trusted subordinates Xie Fuzhi and Wang Li to Wuhan to support a faction of rebels and attack other one faction, finally a large-scale Wuhan populace besieged them, Wang Li also was injured, they returned to Beijing distressedly. Because Xie Fuzhi and Wang Li was persons of Mao’s headquarters, therefore the whole nation (including outlying mountainous area) had to “warmly cheer Xie Fuzhi and the Wang Li returning to Beijing honorably”. (3) “Comrade Wang Li and Guan Feng’s speechs” once was the central Cultural Revolution’s document which the Red Guard must learn earnestly and carry out. (4) Instigated by Wang Li and Guan Feng and so on, the rebels revolt and actively tyrannised capitalist-roaders includin the army capitalist-roaders, causes the army unrest. Mao thought that Wang Li and Guan Feng already had no using value even to add chaos, so Wang Li and Guan Feng were overthrown, “the revolutionary populace” then “overthrow counter-revolutionary double-dealer Wang Li and Guan Feng!”.
In the October, 1968, the 12th plenary session of the eighth CCP Committee issued the “bulletin”：“dismissed the renegade, hidden traitor and scab Liu Shaoqi from the CCP”, everywhere of the country cheered and firmly supported, the Central Newsreel and Documentary Film Studio photographed a documentary film, recorded these scenes. The regional manufactured many Mao’s badges of “supporting the 12th plenary session bulletin and dismissed Liu Shaoqi”.
(1,2) Everywhere of the country cheered and firmly supported dismissed the renegade, hidden traitor and scab Liu Shaoqi from the CCP”. (3) Xu Degui, worker of Harbin Jianwei Machine Factory, because he said to sympathize Liu Shaoqi, becomes “anti- bulletin counter-revolutionary”, was arrested, after innumerable interrogating, was sentenced for 20 years. (4) Zhang Kunhao, worker of Hebei telecommunication engineering brigade, he said that it was unfair to overthrow Liu Shaoqi, suffered innumerable interrogating, his eyes was hit to be deflected. On March 19, 1970 in Baoding stadium, held a public trial congress for him, and was paraded in streets, he attempted to shout, a PLA soldier butt his chin down, did not inform his family members, was shot, his nake corpse on the snow several days. In addition, Wang Yunfen, cadre of Hebei Daily newspaper office, because he discontented for expels Liu Shaoqi from the CCP, on March 4, 1970, was executed by shooting by the “counter-revolutionary crime”. Zhu Shouzhong, teacher of Zhongwei County No. 1 Middle School in Ningxia, he did not agree that Liu Shaoqi was “the renegade, hidden traitor and scab”, on February 11, 1970, after “public trial” was shot. Fang Yunfu, staff of Chongqing Construction Bank, he said “Liu Shaoqi was not wrong”, on March 6, 1970, after “public trial” was shot. Wang Jingcheng, staff of Hubei Anlu County Taxation Bureau, he said “the process of treating Liu Shaoqi is unfair”, on April 23, 1970, was executed by shooting. Zhang Zhixin Liu, cadre of Liaoning CCP Committee,On April 4, 1975 was shot, her “counter-revolutionary crime” was sympathizing Liu Shaoqi and opposting the Cultural Revolution.
In April, 1969, the nineth CCP Congress was held, Lin Biao was stipulated to be Mao’s successor by the CCP’s constitution ion. Only merely Lin Biao had did the politics report on the Congress but the meeting had not end, in Tiananmen Square the people paraded to “warmly cheer Vice-President Lin’s politics reporton pass through”. After the Congress ended, throughout the country warmly celebrated, cheered, and wished“Vice-President Lin forever healthy”.
(1) In Cultural Revolution Mao abolished China's state president’s position. In September, 1970, the second plenary session of the nineth CCP Committee was held in Lushan, Mao struggled with Lin Biao life and death for the “state president” position, even the majority attendees of the meeting (magistrates) to echo Lin Biao at first, supposed a state need a president, but afterward quickly trimmed their sails and completely changed position, Lin Biao was defeated by Mao, and afterward conspired a coup d'etat; The whole nation did not know the truth of the meeting, but also “cheered the second plenary session of the nineth CCP Committee’s bulletin warmly”. (2) Fujian Quanzhou grand celebration the “successful Second Plenary Session”. Photo bu Zhuang Guoliang. (3) Jilin Medical College “firmly respond the Plenary Session meetings’ summons, carry through the proletariat educational revolution to the end”. (4) In 1971, Lin Biao group was defeated, the whole nation “angrily denounce Lin Biao anti-Party group’s heinous crimes.
In August, 1973, The tenth CCP’s Congress was held, Wang Hongwen, Kang Sheng became vice-president of the CCP, Zhang Chunqiao was “elected” as the CCP Political Bureau member. Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen formed “the Gang of Four” in the CCP Central Political Bureau. The whole nation celebrated warmly.
(1) People supported Mao’s summon to complete the whole nation to be the Mao’s thought’s big school. (2,3) The educated youths supported Chairman Mao’s summon to go to countryside to “accept the poor peasants re-education”, but several years later, they could not but return to the city completely. After Mao's death, the peasants had to go to work into city. (4) The whole nation respond Mao’s summon to “criticize Lin Biao and Confucius”, but after Mao’s death, the CCP could not but summon to learn from Confucius; Now a large-scale statue of Confucius is erected in Tiananmen Square.
In January, 1975, the fourth National People's Congress “convened successfully”, at the meeting, Deng Xiaoping, Zhang Chunqiao, Hua Guofeng together were “elected” as the vice-premiers; Simultaneously, the second plenary session of the tenth CCP Committee “convened successfully”, Deng was “elected” to be vice-president of the CCP; All over the country “cheered” and “supported”.
In 1976 spring, Mao and Jiang Qing summoned to “criticize Deng thoroughly, counter-attack rightists to reverse the verdicts”, the regional firmly supported, convened in abundance “criticize Deng mobilization meeting”, “counter-attack rightists to reverse the verdicts by the practical actions”.
In April, 1976, after the Tiananmen Incident, Deng was overthrown again, throughout the country organized the populace to assemble, “firmly support the CCP central’s two resolutions” (“Resolution about Hua Guofeng was appointed as first vice-chairman of the CCP and the State Council Premier” and “Resolution about abolishing all duties of Deng Xiaoping”).
In April, 1976, Deng Xiaoping was overthrown once more, all over the country organized the masses to “firmly support.”
In October, 1976, all over the nation “supported crushing the Gang of Four”, “firmly support the Party Central Committee headed by Comrade Hua Guofeng”.
All over the nation “supported crushing the Gang of Four”, “infinite love Chairman Hua, firmly defend Chairman Hua”.
In July, 1977, the third plenary session of the tenth CCP Committee was convened, adopted unanimously “Restored Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s duty”, all over the nation populace celebrated, “firmly supported”.
In July, 1977, the CCP restored Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s duty, all over the nation populace celebrated, “firmly supported”.
In August, 1977, the 11th CCP Congress convened, it announced officially “the Great Cultural Revolution ended”, all over the nation celebrated, firm supported “the 11th CCP Congress”, but it was not said that celebration for the “Great Cultural Revolution ending”.
In August, 1977, the 11th CCP Congress convened, it announced officially “the Great Cultural Revolution ended”, all over the nation celebrated, firm supported.
(1) in December, 1978, the third plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee’s representatives raised hand to pass through criticizing Hua Guofeng’s “two whatevers” resolution. (2) Shanxi Province Linfen city cheered “the third session of the 11th CCP Committee is good!” (3) Henan Luoshan County supported “the third session of the 11th CCP Committee”. (4) Shanxi Baode County celebrated “the third session of the 11th CCP Committee”. Photo by Han Youwen.
(1) In February, 1980, the fifth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee “victory” ended, it unanimously passed to rehabilitate thoroughly for Liu Shaoqi. (2) On May 17, 1980, the CCP grandly held “Comrade Liu Shaoqi’s memorial service” in Beijing. (3) In June, 1981, the sixth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee, the members had raised hands to pass through " Resolution about a number of historical Questions since the Founding of the PRC”, and completely negated the “Cultural Revolution”, Hua Guofeng resigned, all over the nation took down Hua Guofeng’s portraits. But the sixth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee had not issued the bulletin, therefore the common people needed not to cheer and support and so on.
10. productions suffered the huge impact, the economy to approach collapse
National all factories, countryside communes, and the work sites, nearly every day had to engage in the “political movement”: fighting capitalist-roaderers, criticism meeting, learn Mao’s quotations, even in working also had to pick Mao’s portait or Mao’s quotations. Photo by Xiao Zhuang.
Nearly every day people had to engaged in the “political movement”: fighting capitalist-roaderers, criticism meeting, learn Mao’s quotations, even in working also had to pick Mao’s portait or Mao’s quotations. Photo by Xiao Zhuang, Ru Suichu, etc.
11. The people live in a extremely poor life
Since the Cultural Revolution is “seizing power”, is “a class overthrows another class’s violence motion”, the productive forces has received great destruction, caused to be extremely lack of substance, people lives a extremely poverty life.
(1) The peasants of Qianqiao production brigade, Xuxing commune, Jiading County in Shanghai, like all the country, “politics is always higher than all” and “every day must talk about class struggle”, evaluated work by “political criteria”, the income were extremely few. Photo by Ru Suichu. 1967. (2) Usual office buildings and the farmer’s residents in rural people's commune production brigade (i.e. present's village), the countryside farmer's house all were constructed several dozens years even over a hundred years ago. Even in cities very few new houses were constructed.
(1) Peasants’ dilapidated housing. (2) Young peasant in his home, hot in summer and cold in winter, in a rare photo opportunity, he could not but was wearing clothes darned again and again. (3) Fujian rural farmers crowdly lived in the earth buildings which was built hundreds of years ago, not entirely for the preservation of heritage. (4) The Actors performanced not in the livestock fences or cowshed but in the inhabited area. Photo by Xiao Zhuang.
(1) “People Department Store” in the center of Nanjing city, the commodity was much less, it was mainly the political meeting place. Photo by Xiaozhuang. (2) People were wearing clothes full of patches to watch Mao Zedong Thought propaganda. Photo by Xiaozhuang. (3) Farmers accepted the political propaganda, their dilapidated housing were written Mao’s quotations inside and outside. Photo by Xiaozhuang. (4) The “Popcorn” or “puffed rice” was the people's only several kinds “between-meal snacks”.
(1) Now many countryside peasants are working like this way. (2) “The counter-revolutionary revisionism's total backstage” in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, were also wearing the ragged clothes. (3) Yunnan countryside’s female educated youths, even in the rare photography time did not have the decent clothes. (4) Hubei Wuhan city’s “May Seventh Cadre School”, the young cadres lived in such dormitories. 1972. Photo by Huang Keqin.
(1,2,3) In 1968, Guangdong Province Gaozhou County’s “happiness” poor peasants, in order not to “forget the pre-liberation’s bitter live and class struggle”, was carried on “eating poor meal prepared to recall past suffering”, and held the meeting of “recalling pre-liberation’s suffering and thinking today’s happiness and having the political power”. But their “thinking today’s happiness” food were not so good, actually in 1960s big famine time many of their family members had starved to death. (4) A “Recalling past suffering and thinking today’s happiness meeting” was holding in Yuexi Commune, Wu County of Suzhou.
(1) Marriage application. (2,3) The regional marriage certificates all were printed with Mao’s quotations. (4) A poor peasant's wedding ceremony. (5) A rural youth's wedding, all trousseau were on his body.
(1) Jiangsu Xuzhou City Revolutionary Committee’s procedural proof of a bicycle；in 1969, a cadre left and transferred to anther post, had to return the bicycle to the Revolutionary Committee. When the private cars were very common in many countries, but in China only “revolutionary cadres” could enjoy bicycles. (2) In 1970, Hubei Huangshi Red Flag People's commune, the educated youths were preferential offered by this proof could buy some rice. (3,4) 1950-1980s, China’s urban population were given a quota food system, there were “national general use” or in “local use” grain coupons in the country, people eat at anywhere must spend both money and grain coupons. Each person each month was provided most approximately 15kg grain coupons (calculated with rice or flour). The farmers which occupied the overwhelming majority of country population, when went in cities were very difficult to have the food to eat. The farmers generally were limited to enter cities. (5) Shenyang’s Egg supply ticket, 100g. 1970.
(1) Wuhan city’s educated youth who had setted in countryside in 1975 Spring Festival returning to Wuhan to visit relatives, each one could buy 7.5 kg “standard second-level rice” depending on this ticket. (2) Beijing quota pork ticket, 500g, 1990. (3) Fujian Province quota pork ticket 15g, 1967.
The farmers did not have the meat to eat, they raised pigs must sell to the state according to the regulated prices, then they could be returned some proportionated quota pork tickets. (1) Hunan Province Xinhuang County, the returned quota pork ticket for the farmers who selling pig to the state, 1000g,1981-1982. (2) Sichuan Province Wusheng County, the returned quota pork ticket for the farmers who selling pig to the state.500g. (2) Sichuan Province Mabian Yi Nationality Autonomous County, the returned quota pork ticket for the farmers who selling pig to the state.250g.1971.
The quota-ticket shopping system was implemented in China from 1950s to continue to 1990s. (1) Beijing cooking oil quota ticket, 250g. 1993. (2) Beijing clothing coupon, 3.3cm, and 16cm. 1984. (3) Xinjiang clothing coupon, 1 santmeter, and 3 santmeter. (4) Guizhou province clothing coupon, 5 santmeter(=16cm),1983.
(1,2,3) Soap quota tickets of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangxi Ji'an and Nanjing. (4) Beijing egg quota ticket, 500g,1992. (5) Beijing sugar quota ticket, 250g.1990. (6) Harbin salt quota ticket, 500g,1992.
In Mao Yuanxin ruled Liaoning province, the materials were particular tension. (1) Shenyang sugar quota ticket.100g, 1976. (2) Shenyang fish quota ticket. 500g. (3) Liaoning local grain ticket.50 g. (4) Liaoning starch noodle quota ticket.250g.
The countryside farmers were lack of medical treatment, they only could see the “barefoot doctors” (generally all farmers all the years were barefoot). (1) In 1968, Guangdong province Gaozhou couny, it was training the barefoot doctors like this way for the farmers’ medical treatment. (2) There were crude medical service surgery conditions in countryside, Gaozhou county. (3) People adaptively boiled and prepared the Chinese herbal medicine in crude system. (4) In 1969, doctors of Guangdong Gaozhou County Hospital climbed mountains and crossed rivers for the populace treating illness, several dozens years the transportation problems was very difficult.
All over the country there were very few matters about building roads and bridging.
(1) The clothes tattered, never had shoes to put on, but hands held Mao’s quotations countryside children. (2) There were many farmer descendants in deprivation and could not afford to go to school. (3) On March 10, 2005, there were many out of school children in Longquan Town, Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County, Linxia district, Gansu Province. Photo by Liang Qiang.
12. Mao dynasty alienation in post-Mao era (1976-)
“Our party some people have practiced ten divisions. I think may also engage in ten times, 20, 30 times, do you believe? I believe in any case.”- Mao Zedong. People's Daily, on March 1, 1975.
In 1978, the third plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee, Huang Guofeng's political fortunes ended, Mao’s dynasty enter in to the alienation era. First is the Deng period; this time, Mao time’s once positively criticized Deng and counter-rightist all levels of leaders all denied that they had once criticized Deng, expressed that they always supported Deng, in order to keep their postitions, which give the CCP’s attitude extension and developing. In order to consolidate his political power Deng still maintained Mao dynasty’s system, did some patching, this was is the disassimilation or alienation. Deng proposed “four insist”, actually had not distinguished with Huang Guofeng’s “two whatevers”. Since it basically used some capitalism set of methods in the economy, caused the national economy and the lives of the people to have the effective enhancement. But as a result of the invariable political system, the corrupt politics appears many questions, caused the people especially the young intellectuals disaffections. On March 15, 1979, Beijing sent out “the CCP central committee notice about to remind the whole party to defend Chairman Mao’s image the”. In 1989 the national presented many persons to assemble to protest, took the name to mourn Hu Yaobang who was quite enlightened but was compelled to leave office and just died, the assembly evolved into the populace protest. Finally, Deng also like Mao, suppressed the populace protest, did a Tiananmen Square massacre on June 4,1989.
The CCP diligently covered the truth of Tiananmen Square massacre, and always did not earnest to examines the Cultural Revolution such errors. After in 1997 Deng died of illness, China still occupied in the Mao system's disassimilation process, but got the color which kept pace with the times. But the democracy tidal current cannot block.
(1) In October, 1984 National Day Tiananmen Square in the parade, university students held a “Hello, Xiaoping” slogan, expressed the people to Deng’s support, respect and expectation. (2) In September12, 1982, in the 12th CCP’s Congress, from right: Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang, Li Xiannian. Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang were reformist and relatively enlightened leaders, they had done a lot for the rehabiliation to the Cultural Revolution and the before all previous The CCP political activity's innumerable cases of injustice. At the end of May, 1986, Hu Yaobang said that in the 13th CCP’s Congress should “take democracy and science as the highest social value and the goal ......I agree that Comrade Deng Xiaoping takes the lead to retire, this is a very good lead. So long as Comrade Deng Xiaoping retire, other old comrade's same work would be well do. I wll retire when my tenure of general secretary expired.” Nie Rongzhen and Xi Zhongxun and so on approved. But Wang Zhen and so on opposed firmly. Deng Xiaoping said: “To put it bluntly, you do not hope me inquire about the central matter again, think that I have interfered your work? Is not it? Well, I can not do, retreat to the end”. Wang Zhen said to Deng: “Who let you leave office, let him leave office.” Deng nodded and said: “Those who dream to want me to step down, inevitably his spear point directed against the CCP leadership. We must insist.” (3) In June, 1981, the sixth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee, Hu Yaobang was elected to be CCP’s chairman, in 1983 the CCP senior statesmen conservative faction insisted to “eliminate spiritual pollution”, “opposite bourgeois liberalization” movement, also restored the Cultural Revolution same old systems; in January, 1987, Deng and other senior statesmen forced Hu Yaobang with the unusual method to leave office. In April, 1989, Hu Yaobang passed away.
From March, 1989, youth intellectuals took the name to mourned Hu Yaobang’s pass away, held assembly in Tiananmen Square, protested the CCP’s corruption. People's Liberation Army armored vehicles came to suppresse the protesting populace, the angry populace burn down the vehicles. in April, 1989, the university students and the populace confronted with the polices and PLA soldiers who followed orders to come to suppress.
(1) In April, 1989, Beijing streets continued several weeks the populace protest. (2) Zhao Ziyang replaced Hu Yaobang to be the CCP chairman, he sympathized with the protest students, arrived at the Tiananmen Square to meet the students meet. Nearby Zhao Ziyang was Wen Jiabao, director of the CCP central committee staff office. Wen Jiabao 14 years later became State Council premier. (3) On June 4 before dawn, the People's Liberation Army in Tiananmen Square and sreets opened fire and the tanks to kill the protesting populace, hundreds of people were dead, the casualties and the arrested uncounted until now.
(1) In June, 1989, the CCP sent the army to suppress Beijing populace's protest activities, was called “Beijing to suppress the counter-revolutionary riot”. Later the CCP rename “1989 that turmoil”, recently renamed “1989 that disturbance”, but forbade the populace and the media to mentions this topic. (2) Zou Aiguo, He Ping: “The Third Generation Leader's Footprints” The CCP Central Party School Publishing House, 1992. Deng appointed Jiang Zemin as the general secretary of the CCP at “1989 events”, and Jiang Zemin was called the third generation leader of the CCP, erased Huang Guofeng and Hu Yaobang's history position. (3) Three youths imitated “the CCP’s three generation leaders”. (4) Shanghai Pudong’s new look. Since the third plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee implemented the reform and open policy, the national economy obtained great development, the human rights situation also had improvement, the people’s living standards had enhancement. But because the political system is invariable, there is a huge social problems and crises.
(1) Nearly hundred million farmers liberated from the sole grain crop production, entered cities to work to make money, most people one year only then in the Spring Festival came back home to rest for several days, the transportations before and after the Spring Festival are very difficult. (2,3) The peasants entering cities to work often could not obtain the prearranged very low wages, many of them had to beg the wages, and were under attack or beaten. (4) China's mining accident formation rate is the highest.
(1,2) There is very major security problem in China’s food and drugs. All over the country unceasingly discovered that Unscrupulous businessmen to make and sell the inferior baby powdered milk and food and even drugs. In 2004, several hundred malnutrition babies, at least 8 died caused by inferior baby milk. The matter is getting more and more serious, the national medical department on December 1, 2008 pointed out, 290,000 children were abnormal uninary system and unusual because of the powdered milk. (3,4) The populace and the government opposition mood increased, the violence protest events are many. On June 15, 2009, Jiangxi Nankang city government rectified the furniture market, which aggravated the taxes burden, initiated over ten thousand persons to protest, overturned more than a dozen police cars. On June 28, 2008, Guizhou Weng'an County police station building and the police vehicles were burnt down by the populace.
(1) In China the the disparity between east and west, urban and the countryside is very big. Now poor area's traffic conditions are improving. (3) On June 10, 2005, Hebei Xingtai polices uncovered a trafficking children case involved in 11 children which the 9 were rescued. “Sell the children is similar to sell the cabbage” many report used the title and it was the fact, such as on April 19, 2010 “Chinese Court net”, used the title reported that Shandong judged a trafficking children case. Yunnan, Sichuan and so on many places report the same news with the similar titles. (4) Environmental pollution is serious. In May, 2007, nearby Shanghai Jinjiang paradise's a tall building outer wall, for a long time was hanging big slogans “Premier Wen, please rescue us” ,“Secretary Xi (Jinping), please come to see us” “We need environmental protection, we want to survive”. (4) Officials widespread corruption, rural people living in extreme poverty. On December 5, 2010, Henan Luoning County a small bureau chief was eating with 4 female subordinates and drunken driving a State-financed car to stroll, kills 5 youths. The dying young Yang Shaopeng’s remains was lifted by the family member to go home, such kind of deteriorated house. Photo by Cao Fuchuan.
“Insisted the Party's basic line a hundred years without vacillating”. In history, emperors (especially Chin Shihhuang) wanted his throne to be the continuation from generation to generation, had not achieved. Mao once said “I am Marx add Chin Shihhuang”. The CCP now said, Mao is China’s “the proletariat revolution (with “Mao dynasty” may be more accurate) the first generation leader”, Deng is “the second generation leader”. Jiang Zemin is “the third generation leader”. Hu Jintao is still now called “the third generation leadership core”.
9. People forever are only able to be yes-men
(1) In August, 1966, the eleventh plenary session of the eighth CCP Committee issued “Decision about Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”, namely the “Sixteen Items”. The Tiananmen Square hundreds of thousands of people assembled to “firmly support the CCP’s decision (the 16 Items)”. (2) Guangzhou 500,000 persons assembled to cheer “the Sixteen Items”. (3) Heilongjiang Harbin populace cheered “the Sixteen Items”; Photo by Li Zhensheng. (4,5) Each region “propagandize 16 the Items, support the 16 Items, sing the 16 Items, act according to the 16 Items”.
(1) In August, 1966, Mao posted a “Bombard the Headquarters” big-character poster in Beijing Zhongnanhai, the whole nation supported firmly, responed enthusiastically. (2) The cadres and staff of the Foreign Affairs Ministry responded “bombard the headquarters”, immediately criticized the “Chen Yi’s bourgeoisie reactionary route” in ten thousand people meeting. In 1967 January to September, Chen Yi was interrogated many times. (3) In 1967, Harbin hundreds of thousands people “bombard the headquarters and fight the capitalist-roaders”. Photo by Li Zhensheng. (4) Shenyang hundreds of thousands people interrogated the capitalist-roaders. Photo by Jiang Shaowu.
(1,2) In July, 1967, Mao sent his trusted subordinates Xie Fuzhi and Wang Li to Wuhan to support a faction of rebels and attack other one faction, finally a large-scale Wuhan populace besieged them, Wang Li also was injured, they returned to Beijing distressedly. Because Xie Fuzhi and Wang Li was persons of Mao’s headquarters, therefore the whole nation (including outlying mountainous area) had to “warmly cheer Xie Fuzhi and the Wang Li returning to Beijing honorably”. (3) “Comrade Wang Li and Guan Feng’s speechs” once was the central Cultural Revolution’s document which the Red Guard must learn earnestly and carry out. (4) Instigated by Wang Li and Guan Feng and so on, the rebels revolt and actively tyrannised capitalist-roaders includin the army capitalist-roaders, causes the army unrest. Mao thought that Wang Li and Guan Feng already had no using value even to add chaos, so Wang Li and Guan Feng were overthrown, “the revolutionary populace” then “overthrow counter-revolutionary double-dealer Wang Li and Guan Feng!”.
In the October, 1968, the 12th plenary session of the eighth CCP Committee issued the “bulletin”：“dismissed the renegade, hidden traitor and scab Liu Shaoqi from the CCP”, everywhere of the country cheered and firmly supported, the Central Newsreel and Documentary Film Studio photographed a documentary film, recorded these scenes. The regional manufactured many Mao’s badges of “supporting the 12th plenary session bulletin and dismissed Liu Shaoqi”.
(1,2) Everywhere of the country cheered and firmly supported dismissed the renegade, hidden traitor and scab Liu Shaoqi from the CCP”. (3) Xu Degui, worker of Harbin Jianwei Machine Factory, because he said to sympathize Liu Shaoqi, becomes “anti- bulletin counter-revolutionary”, was arrested, after innumerable interrogating, was sentenced for 20 years. (4) Zhang Kunhao, worker of Hebei telecommunication engineering brigade, he said that it was unfair to overthrow Liu Shaoqi, suffered innumerable interrogating, his eyes was hit to be deflected. On March 19, 1970 in Baoding stadium, held a public trial congress for him, and was paraded in streets, he attempted to shout, a PLA soldier butt his chin down, did not inform his family members, was shot, his nake corpse on the snow several days. In addition, Wang Yunfen, cadre of Hebei Daily newspaper office, because he discontented for expels Liu Shaoqi from the CCP, on March 4, 1970, was executed by shooting by the “counter-revolutionary crime”. Zhu Shouzhong, teacher of Zhongwei County No. 1 Middle School in Ningxia, he did not agree that Liu Shaoqi was “the renegade, hidden traitor and scab”, on February 11, 1970, after “public trial” was shot. Fang Yunfu, staff of Chongqing Construction Bank, he said “Liu Shaoqi was not wrong”, on March 6, 1970, after “public trial” was shot. Wang Jingcheng, staff of Hubei Anlu County Taxation Bureau, he said “the process of treating Liu Shaoqi is unfair”, on April 23, 1970, was executed by shooting. Zhang Zhixin Liu, cadre of Liaoning CCP Committee,On April 4, 1975 was shot, her “counter-revolutionary crime” was sympathizing Liu Shaoqi and opposting the Cultural Revolution.
In April, 1969, the nineth CCP Congress was held, Lin Biao was stipulated to be Mao’s successor by the CCP’s constitution ion. Only merely Lin Biao had did the politics report on the Congress but the meeting had not end, in Tiananmen Square the people paraded to “warmly cheer Vice-President Lin’s politics reporton pass through”. After the Congress ended, throughout the country warmly celebrated, cheered, and wished“Vice-President Lin forever healthy”.
(1) In Cultural Revolution Mao abolished China's state president’s position. In September, 1970, the second plenary session of the nineth CCP Committee was held in Lushan, Mao struggled with Lin Biao life and death for the “state president” position, even the majority attendees of the meeting (magistrates) to echo Lin Biao at first, supposed a state need a president, but afterward quickly trimmed their sails and completely changed position, Lin Biao was defeated by Mao, and afterward conspired a coup d'etat; The whole nation did not know the truth of the meeting, but also “cheered the second plenary session of the nineth CCP Committee’s bulletin warmly”. (2) Fujian Quanzhou grand celebration the “successful Second Plenary Session”. Photo bu Zhuang Guoliang. (3) Jilin Medical College “firmly respond the Plenary Session meetings’ summons, carry through the proletariat educational revolution to the end”. (4) In 1971, Lin Biao group was defeated, the whole nation “angrily denounce Lin Biao anti-Party group’s heinous crimes.
In August, 1973, The tenth CCP’s Congress was held, Wang Hongwen, Kang Sheng became vice-president of the CCP, Zhang Chunqiao was “elected” as the CCP Political Bureau member. Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen formed “the Gang of Four” in the CCP Central Political Bureau. The whole nation celebrated warmly.
(1) People supported Mao’s summon to complete the whole nation to be the Mao’s thought’s big school. (2,3) The educated youths supported Chairman Mao’s summon to go to countryside to “accept the poor peasants re-education”, but several years later, they could not but return to the city completely. After Mao's death, the peasants had to go to work into city. (4) The whole nation respond Mao’s summon to “criticize Lin Biao and Confucius”, but after Mao’s death, the CCP could not but summon to learn from Confucius; Now a large-scale statue of Confucius is erected in Tiananmen Square.
In January, 1975, the fourth National People's Congress “convened successfully”, at the meeting, Deng Xiaoping, Zhang Chunqiao, Hua Guofeng together were “elected” as the vice-premiers; Simultaneously, the second plenary session of the tenth CCP Committee “convened successfully”, Deng was “elected” to be vice-president of the CCP; All over the country “cheered” and “supported”.
In 1976 spring, Mao and Jiang Qing summoned to “criticize Deng thoroughly, counter-attack rightists to reverse the verdicts”, the regional firmly supported, convened in abundance “criticize Deng mobilization meeting”, “counter-attack rightists to reverse the verdicts by the practical actions”.
In April, 1976, after the Tiananmen Incident, Deng was overthrown again, throughout the country organized the populace to assemble, “firmly support the CCP central’s two resolutions” (“Resolution about Hua Guofeng was appointed as first vice-chairman of the CCP and the State Council Premier” and “Resolution about abolishing all duties of Deng Xiaoping”).
In April, 1976, Deng Xiaoping was overthrown once more, all over the country organized the masses to “firmly support.”
In October, 1976, all over the nation “supported crushing the Gang of Four”, “firmly support the Party Central Committee headed by Comrade Hua Guofeng”.
All over the nation “supported crushing the Gang of Four”, “infinite love Chairman Hua, firmly defend Chairman Hua”.
In July, 1977, the third plenary session of the tenth CCP Committee was convened, adopted unanimously “Restored Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s duty”, all over the nation populace celebrated, “firmly supported”.
In July, 1977, the CCP restored Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s duty, all over the nation populace celebrated, “firmly supported”.
In August, 1977, the 11th CCP Congress convened, it announced officially “the Great Cultural Revolution ended”, all over the nation celebrated, firm supported “the 11th CCP Congress”, but it was not said that celebration for the “Great Cultural Revolution ending”.
In August, 1977, the 11th CCP Congress convened, it announced officially “the Great Cultural Revolution ended”, all over the nation celebrated, firm supported.
(1) in December, 1978, the third plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee’s representatives raised hand to pass through criticizing Hua Guofeng’s “two whatevers” resolution. (2) Shanxi Province Linfen city cheered “the third session of the 11th CCP Committee is good!” (3) Henan Luoshan County supported “the third session of the 11th CCP Committee”. (4) Shanxi Baode County celebrated “the third session of the 11th CCP Committee”. Photo by Han Youwen.
(1) In February, 1980, the fifth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee “victory” ended, it unanimously passed to rehabilitate thoroughly for Liu Shaoqi. (2) On May 17, 1980, the CCP grandly held “Comrade Liu Shaoqi’s memorial service” in Beijing. (3) In June, 1981, the sixth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee, the members had raised hands to pass through " Resolution about a number of historical Questions since the Founding of the PRC”, and completely negated the “Cultural Revolution”, Hua Guofeng resigned, all over the nation took down Hua Guofeng’s portraits. But the sixth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee had not issued the bulletin, therefore the common people needed not to cheer and support and so on.
10. productions suffered the huge impact, the economy to approach collapse
National all factories, countryside communes, and the work sites, nearly every day had to engage in the “political movement”: fighting capitalist-roaderers, criticism meeting, learn Mao’s quotations, even in working also had to pick Mao’s portait or Mao’s quotations. Photo by Xiao Zhuang.
Nearly every day people had to engaged in the “political movement”: fighting capitalist-roaderers, criticism meeting, learn Mao’s quotations, even in working also had to pick Mao’s portait or Mao’s quotations. Photo by Xiao Zhuang, Ru Suichu, etc.
11. The people live in a extremely poor life
Since the Cultural Revolution is “seizing power”, is “a class overthrows another class’s violence motion”, the productive forces has received great destruction, caused to be extremely lack of substance, people lives a extremely poverty life.
(1) The peasants of Qianqiao production brigade, Xuxing commune, Jiading County in Shanghai, like all the country, “politics is always higher than all” and “every day must talk about class struggle”, evaluated work by “political criteria”, the income were extremely few. Photo by Ru Suichu. 1967. (2) Usual office buildings and the farmer’s residents in rural people's commune production brigade (i.e. present's village), the countryside farmer's house all were constructed several dozens years even over a hundred years ago. Even in cities very few new houses were constructed.
(1) Peasants’ dilapidated housing. (2) Young peasant in his home, hot in summer and cold in winter, in a rare photo opportunity, he could not but was wearing clothes darned again and again. (3) Fujian rural farmers crowdly lived in the earth buildings which was built hundreds of years ago, not entirely for the preservation of heritage. (4) The Actors performanced not in the livestock fences or cowshed but in the inhabited area. Photo by Xiao Zhuang.
(1) “People Department Store” in the center of Nanjing city, the commodity was much less, it was mainly the political meeting place. Photo by Xiaozhuang. (2) People were wearing clothes full of patches to watch Mao Zedong Thought propaganda. Photo by Xiaozhuang. (3) Farmers accepted the political propaganda, their dilapidated housing were written Mao’s quotations inside and outside. Photo by Xiaozhuang. (4) The “Popcorn” or “puffed rice” was the people's only several kinds “between-meal snacks”.
(1) Now many countryside peasants are working like this way. (2) “The counter-revolutionary revisionism's total backstage” in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, were also wearing the ragged clothes. (3) Yunnan countryside’s female educated youths, even in the rare photography time did not have the decent clothes. (4) Hubei Wuhan city’s “May Seventh Cadre School”, the young cadres lived in such dormitories. 1972. Photo by Huang Keqin.
(1,2,3) In 1968, Guangdong Province Gaozhou County’s “happiness” poor peasants, in order not to “forget the pre-liberation’s bitter live and class struggle”, was carried on “eating poor meal prepared to recall past suffering”, and held the meeting of “recalling pre-liberation’s suffering and thinking today’s happiness and having the political power”. But their “thinking today’s happiness” food were not so good, actually in 1960s big famine time many of their family members had starved to death. (4) A “Recalling past suffering and thinking today’s happiness meeting” was holding in Yuexi Commune, Wu County of Suzhou.
(1) Marriage application. (2,3) The regional marriage certificates all were printed with Mao’s quotations. (4) A poor peasant's wedding ceremony. (5) A rural youth's wedding, all trousseau were on his body.
(1) Jiangsu Xuzhou City Revolutionary Committee’s procedural proof of a bicycle；in 1969, a cadre left and transferred to anther post, had to return the bicycle to the Revolutionary Committee. When the private cars were very common in many countries, but in China only “revolutionary cadres” could enjoy bicycles. (2) In 1970, Hubei Huangshi Red Flag People's commune, the educated youths were preferential offered by this proof could buy some rice. (3,4) 1950-1980s, China’s urban population were given a quota food system, there were “national general use” or in “local use” grain coupons in the country, people eat at anywhere must spend both money and grain coupons. Each person each month was provided most approximately 15kg grain coupons (calculated with rice or flour). The farmers which occupied the overwhelming majority of country population, when went in cities were very difficult to have the food to eat. The farmers generally were limited to enter cities. (5) Shenyang’s Egg supply ticket, 100g. 1970.
(1) Wuhan city’s educated youth who had setted in countryside in 1975 Spring Festival returning to Wuhan to visit relatives, each one could buy 7.5 kg “standard second-level rice” depending on this ticket. (2) Beijing quota pork ticket, 500g, 1990. (3) Fujian Province quota pork ticket 15g, 1967.
The farmers did not have the meat to eat, they raised pigs must sell to the state according to the regulated prices, then they could be returned some proportionated quota pork tickets. (1) Hunan Province Xinhuang County, the returned quota pork ticket for the farmers who selling pig to the state, 1000g,1981-1982. (2) Sichuan Province Wusheng County, the returned quota pork ticket for the farmers who selling pig to the state.500g. (2) Sichuan Province Mabian Yi Nationality Autonomous County, the returned quota pork ticket for the farmers who selling pig to the state.250g.1971.
The quota-ticket shopping system was implemented in China from 1950s to continue to 1990s. (1) Beijing cooking oil quota ticket, 250g. 1993. (2) Beijing clothing coupon, 3.3cm, and 16cm. 1984. (3) Xinjiang clothing coupon, 1 santmeter, and 3 santmeter. (4) Guizhou province clothing coupon, 5 santmeter(=16cm),1983.
(1,2,3) Soap quota tickets of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangxi Ji'an and Nanjing. (4) Beijing egg quota ticket, 500g,1992. (5) Beijing sugar quota ticket, 250g.1990. (6) Harbin salt quota ticket, 500g,1992.
In Mao Yuanxin ruled Liaoning province, the materials were particular tension. (1) Shenyang sugar quota ticket.100g, 1976. (2) Shenyang fish quota ticket. 500g. (3) Liaoning local grain ticket.50 g. (4) Liaoning starch noodle quota ticket.250g.
The countryside farmers were lack of medical treatment, they only could see the “barefoot doctors” (generally all farmers all the years were barefoot). (1) In 1968, Guangdong province Gaozhou couny, it was training the barefoot doctors like this way for the farmers’ medical treatment. (2) There were crude medical service surgery conditions in countryside, Gaozhou county. (3) People adaptively boiled and prepared the Chinese herbal medicine in crude system. (4) In 1969, doctors of Guangdong Gaozhou County Hospital climbed mountains and crossed rivers for the populace treating illness, several dozens years the transportation problems was very difficult.
All over the country there were very few matters about building roads and bridging.
(1) The clothes tattered, never had shoes to put on, but hands held Mao’s quotations countryside children. (2) There were many farmer descendants in deprivation and could not afford to go to school. (3) On March 10, 2005, there were many out of school children in Longquan Town, Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County, Linxia district, Gansu Province. Photo by Liang Qiang.
12. Mao dynasty alienation in post-Mao era (1976-)
“Our party some people have practiced ten divisions. I think may also engage in ten times, 20, 30 times, do you believe? I believe in any case.”- Mao Zedong. People's Daily, on March 1, 1975.
In 1978, the third plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee, Huang Guofeng's political fortunes ended, Mao’s dynasty enter in to the alienation era. First is the Deng period; this time, Mao time’s once positively criticized Deng and counter-rightist all levels of leaders all denied that they had once criticized Deng, expressed that they always supported Deng, in order to keep their postitions, which give the CCP’s attitude extension and developing. In order to consolidate his political power Deng still maintained Mao dynasty’s system, did some patching, this was is the disassimilation or alienation. Deng proposed “four insist”, actually had not distinguished with Huang Guofeng’s “two whatevers”. Since it basically used some capitalism set of methods in the economy, caused the national economy and the lives of the people to have the effective enhancement. But as a result of the invariable political system, the corrupt politics appears many questions, caused the people especially the young intellectuals disaffections. On March 15, 1979, Beijing sent out “the CCP central committee notice about to remind the whole party to defend Chairman Mao’s image the”. In 1989 the national presented many persons to assemble to protest, took the name to mourn Hu Yaobang who was quite enlightened but was compelled to leave office and just died, the assembly evolved into the populace protest. Finally, Deng also like Mao, suppressed the populace protest, did a Tiananmen Square massacre on June 4,1989.
The CCP diligently covered the truth of Tiananmen Square massacre, and always did not earnest to examines the Cultural Revolution such errors. After in 1997 Deng died of illness, China still occupied in the Mao system's disassimilation process, but got the color which kept pace with the times. But the democracy tidal current cannot block.
(1) In October, 1984 National Day Tiananmen Square in the parade, university students held a “Hello, Xiaoping” slogan, expressed the people to Deng’s support, respect and expectation. (2) In September12, 1982, in the 12th CCP’s Congress, from right: Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang, Li Xiannian. Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang were reformist and relatively enlightened leaders, they had done a lot for the rehabiliation to the Cultural Revolution and the before all previous The CCP political activity's innumerable cases of injustice. At the end of May, 1986, Hu Yaobang said that in the 13th CCP’s Congress should “take democracy and science as the highest social value and the goal ......I agree that Comrade Deng Xiaoping takes the lead to retire, this is a very good lead. So long as Comrade Deng Xiaoping retire, other old comrade's same work would be well do. I wll retire when my tenure of general secretary expired.” Nie Rongzhen and Xi Zhongxun and so on approved. But Wang Zhen and so on opposed firmly. Deng Xiaoping said: “To put it bluntly, you do not hope me inquire about the central matter again, think that I have interfered your work? Is not it? Well, I can not do, retreat to the end”. Wang Zhen said to Deng: “Who let you leave office, let him leave office.” Deng nodded and said: “Those who dream to want me to step down, inevitably his spear point directed against the CCP leadership. We must insist.” (3) In June, 1981, the sixth plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee, Hu Yaobang was elected to be CCP’s chairman, in 1983 the CCP senior statesmen conservative faction insisted to “eliminate spiritual pollution”, “opposite bourgeois liberalization” movement, also restored the Cultural Revolution same old systems; in January, 1987, Deng and other senior statesmen forced Hu Yaobang with the unusual method to leave office. In April, 1989, Hu Yaobang passed away.
From March, 1989, youth intellectuals took the name to mourned Hu Yaobang’s pass away, held assembly in Tiananmen Square, protested the CCP’s corruption. People's Liberation Army armored vehicles came to suppresse the protesting populace, the angry populace burn down the vehicles. in April, 1989, the university students and the populace confronted with the polices and PLA soldiers who followed orders to come to suppress.
(1) In April, 1989, Beijing streets continued several weeks the populace protest. (2) Zhao Ziyang replaced Hu Yaobang to be the CCP chairman, he sympathized with the protest students, arrived at the Tiananmen Square to meet the students meet. Nearby Zhao Ziyang was Wen Jiabao, director of the CCP central committee staff office. Wen Jiabao 14 years later became State Council premier. (3) On June 4 before dawn, the People's Liberation Army in Tiananmen Square and sreets opened fire and the tanks to kill the protesting populace, hundreds of people were dead, the casualties and the arrested uncounted until now.
(1) In June, 1989, the CCP sent the army to suppress Beijing populace's protest activities, was called “Beijing to suppress the counter-revolutionary riot”. Later the CCP rename “1989 that turmoil”, recently renamed “1989 that disturbance”, but forbade the populace and the media to mentions this topic. (2) Zou Aiguo, He Ping: “The Third Generation Leader's Footprints” The CCP Central Party School Publishing House, 1992. Deng appointed Jiang Zemin as the general secretary of the CCP at “1989 events”, and Jiang Zemin was called the third generation leader of the CCP, erased Huang Guofeng and Hu Yaobang's history position. (3) Three youths imitated “the CCP’s three generation leaders”. (4) Shanghai Pudong’s new look. Since the third plenary session of the 11th CCP Committee implemented the reform and open policy, the national economy obtained great development, the human rights situation also had improvement, the people’s living standards had enhancement. But because the political system is invariable, there is a huge social problems and crises.
(1) Nearly hundred million farmers liberated from the sole grain crop production, entered cities to work to make money, most people one year only then in the Spring Festival came back home to rest for several days, the transportations before and after the Spring Festival are very difficult. (2,3) The peasants entering cities to work often could not obtain the prearranged very low wages, many of them had to beg the wages, and were under attack or beaten. (4) China's mining accident formation rate is the highest.
(1,2) There is very major security problem in China’s food and drugs. All over the country unceasingly discovered that Unscrupulous businessmen to make and sell the inferior baby powdered milk and food and even drugs. In 2004, several hundred malnutrition babies, at least 8 died caused by inferior baby milk. The matter is getting more and more serious, the national medical department on December 1, 2008 pointed out, 290,000 children were abnormal uninary system and unusual because of the powdered milk. (3,4) The populace and the government opposition mood increased, the violence protest events are many. On June 15, 2009, Jiangxi Nankang city government rectified the furniture market, which aggravated the taxes burden, initiated over ten thousand persons to protest, overturned more than a dozen police cars. On June 28, 2008, Guizhou Weng'an County police station building and the police vehicles were burnt down by the populace.
(1) In China the the disparity between east and west, urban and the countryside is very big. Now poor area's traffic conditions are improving. (3) On June 10, 2005, Hebei Xingtai polices uncovered a trafficking children case involved in 11 children which the 9 were rescued. “Sell the children is similar to sell the cabbage” many report used the title and it was the fact, such as on April 19, 2010 “Chinese Court net”, used the title reported that Shandong judged a trafficking children case. Yunnan, Sichuan and so on many places report the same news with the similar titles. (4) Environmental pollution is serious. In May, 2007, nearby Shanghai Jinjiang paradise's a tall building outer wall, for a long time was hanging big slogans “Premier Wen, please rescue us” ,“Secretary Xi (Jinping), please come to see us” “We need environmental protection, we want to survive”. (4) Officials widespread corruption, rural people living in extreme poverty. On December 5, 2010, Henan Luoning County a small bureau chief was eating with 4 female subordinates and drunken driving a State-financed car to stroll, kills 5 youths. The dying young Yang Shaopeng’s remains was lifted by the family member to go home, such kind of deteriorated house. Photo by Cao Fuchuan.
“Insisted the Party's basic line a hundred years without vacillating”. In history, emperors (especially Chin Shihhuang) wanted his throne to be the continuation from generation to generation, had not achieved. Mao once said “I am Marx add Chin Shihhuang”. The CCP now said, Mao is China’s “the proletariat revolution (with “Mao dynasty” may be more accurate) the first generation leader”, Deng is “the second generation leader”. Jiang Zemin is “the third generation leader”. Hu Jintao is still now called “the third generation leadership core”.
