"The Chinese Cultural Revolution," by Zhang Mu.

My apologies to readers and to Mr. Mu for not being able to (easily anyway) reprint the photos that accompany this section of the book. I will try a different (more tedious) way but I wanted to get the text up at least. -B.H.

Chinese Culture Revolution

Zhang Mu

Chapter 1. From birth of the Chinese Communist Party to before Cultural Revolution（1920-1966）

1. The CCP was born; it was a branch of the Russian Comintern（1920-1943）

(1) Depending on Soviet Russia's funds to establish the CCP

Mao Zedong said in his old age: “Soviet revisionist has not given up the wild ambition to subjugate us”. In fact it is “Soviet Russia has not given up the wild ambition to subjugate us”. After Soviet Russia’s October Revolution and obtained the power, relying on exploiting the farmers and reducing society consumption, accumulated highly and increased its economic power. Soviet Russian had ambitions to swallow various countries including China; the Comintern (Communist International) was a Soviet Russia's tool. The Comintern spent a lot of energy to find the Peking University Professor Chen Duxiu and so on, to establish Communist party. Chen Duxiu acknowledged publicly in 1923 party's third Representative Assembly, the party's funds were nearly completely obtained from the Comintern. For one year, the Comintern expended more than 200,000 silver dollars in China, later gave funds each year, did not have Moscow to disburse money, the CCP even could not do releasing minimum propaganda material, organizing labor movement and such activity. The CCP’s public definition is a branch of the Soviet Russian Comintern when it was established.

(1) In July, 1921, the first CCP Representative Assembly was held in No.106 of Wangzhi Road, French Concession in Shanghai, under Russia Communists’ operation (2) Войтинский, Григорий Наумович (1893－1956) Comintern representative in CCP, spy of Russia Communist. (3) Manabendra Nath Roy (1887-1954) Comintern representative in CCP, Russia spy. Afterward he abandoned communism. In July, 1929 he was dismissed and shut in jail. (4) H.Maring, or Sneevliet (1883—1927) Comintern representative in CCP from1920 to1923, Russia spy. (5) Адольф АбрамовичИоффе，Adolf Joffe (1883～1927) once was appointed people's commissar diplomacy of Russia Communist Party, and Comintern representative in CCP. In November, 1927 because of “the Trotskyite question” he was dismissed from party membership and shot in Moscow.

(1) Михаил Бородин，Michael Borodin, in 1923 was sent by the Soviet to do espionage activities in China, to be chief political adviser of Sun Yat-Sen’s National government, Soviet government allocated funds and weapons to set up Huangpu Military Academy, also supported the CCP establishment. In October, 1927 he returned to Moscow. In February, 1949 due to U.S. reporter Strong "spy case" he was implicated, arrested in May 1951 and was tortured to death.(2) Vissarion Lomindzei (1897-1935), it was said he’s Stalin's cousin,1922-1924 he served as Georgia's secretary of the CP Central Committee. In 1927 he came to China as the Comintern representative. Many times he attended the CCP Central Interim Political Bureau meeting, and made reports. Later, because of dissatisfaction with Stalin's economic policy he received desolately. Sudden death in 1935, the truth is still unknown. （3）Mikhail Alexandrovich Fortus or Pavel Mif (1899-1938）, in 1925 was appointed Moscow Sun Yat-sen University assistant Director and principal, in charge of CCP affairs, In 1928, the sixth CCP Congress held in Moscow, Mif was responsible for administrative affairs. Mif came to Shanghai in 1931 to control CCP, let Wang Ming become Central Political Bureau committee leader. In 1936, he returned to Soviet. In 1938, in Soviet campaign of eliminating counterrevolutionaries, he was secretly executed.（4）Chen Duxiu (1879-1942), Beijing University professor, under the Comintern help, in 1920 initiated the CCP, and was elected for central secretary. Latter for CCP’s second, third session of Central Executive Committee chairman, and the fourth, fifth Central Committee general secretary. In 1938, Mao, Wang Ming, Kang Sheng brings false charge against him as the Japanese spy, Chen broke off thoroughly with the CCP, Mao said this was the “first struggle between two lines”. In 1942 Chen died.（5）Li Dazhao (1889-1927), CCP early leader, He met with Soviet representative Наумович and so on, organized the Marx theory research in Beijing University. In April, 1927 Beijing Government attacked the Soviet Embassy, obtained many documents which indicated Soviet used the CCP scheme to subvert the Chinese government, but Li lived with more than 60 party members in the Soviet Embassy real estate, Li was strangled to death soon. (6) CCP's publicity materials: "Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Route Has Defeated Chen Duxiu's Right Opportunism Route".

(2) The CCP 5th Congress carried on the Soviet Russia’s instruction “organize rebellion”

CCP’s 5th Congress convened from April 27 to May 9, 1927 in Wuhan. Nath Roy, Comintern head of delegation, attended the congress. Chen Duxiu gave "Political And Organization Question Report", Roy did "about the Comintern Executive committee Seventh Enlarged meeting to Chinese Question Resolution Report", and the Comintern represents Наумович gave a report. Stalin and the Comintern sent telegram to Borodin to control CCP Central, to execute policy of unite Wang Jingwei counter-Jiang, organized regional rebellions by any possible means, seizing power. Roy revised the rebellion plan several times, but it was cancelled because the Soviet funds dragging.  CCP Temporary Central committee decided to launch fall harvest rebellion, Nanchang rebellion and so on from late July to August, 1927, and formulated "Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong Four Province Farmer Rebellion Program", “the most main duty of CCP now is preparing farmer's total rebellion as far as possible systematically in the sizable areas”. “Overthrow four provinces the reactionary control, the construction worker and peasant dictatorship revolutionary political power”. In June, 1930, the CCP Politburo passed the resolution "New Revolutionary upsurge win one province or several provinces".

CCP’s 5th Congress Implemented Soviet instruction to “organize rebellion by any means possible”, the famous were Guangzhou rebellion and Nanchang rebellion, CCP launched riots everywhere in China. (1) In evening of February 6, 1929, CCP organize peasant riot in Jinshan district, Shanghai, many people die. Picture shows the riot monument (in Shanghai). (2) in January, 1928, CCP launched peasant riot in Yizhang County, Hunan province, Picture shows the former site of Yizhang rebellion headquarter (presently it is a patriotic education base). (3) On March 8, 1928, CCP mobilized rebellion in Pinghe County, Fujian province. Pinghe Rebellion Martyr's Monument. (4) In January, 1929, CCP launched two times “Shangmei peasant riot” in Chong’ an County, Fujian province, the casualties were numerous. Picture shows in 2009 in Chong'an County’s Shangmei Town, the elementary and middle school students were organized to sweep the graves of the “red rebellion martyrs” and vowed “inherit the revolutionary martyr's rebellion spirit”. (5) In 2009 April 5(Tomb Sweeping day), Jiangsu Rugao County organized the elementary student to visit and commemorated the “Taixing red rebellion”, the CCP launched on 1928 May 1, which sacrificed innumerable revolutionary martyrs.

(1) "Red Flag Spectrum"，novel wrote by Liang Bin, Chinese Youth Publishing House, 1957, story about CCP launched peasant riot in 1930s. The novel has been distributing more than 600 ten thousand volumes, and translated into English, Russian, Japanese, France, Korean, Vietnam, and Spain and so on 7 country versions, and it was reorganized to movie, drama, Pingju opera, Peking opera and TV drama. But Liang Bin was persecuted in the Cultural Revolution. (2) In 1960 Beijing Motion Picture Studio and Tianjin Motion Picture Studio jointed photography movie "Red Flag Spectrum". (3) Picture-and-story book "Red Flag Spectrum", Hebei Arts Publishing House, 1981. (4) In 2004, Tianjin Motion Picture Studio and CCTV photographed 28 volumes of TV drama “Red Flag Spectrum", broadcast in various television stations.

(1) “Rizhao Revolutionary Riot (in August to October, 1932) Memorial Hall”, in Shandong province. (2) In 1928 in Wan'an County, Jiangxi province, CCP launched a riot, caused a lot of casualties. This is the “Wan'an Riot Memento Book” made by CCP Wan'an County Committee in 1988. (3) Picture-and-story book “Longmen Riots”, Shanghai People's Arts Publishing House, 1978, story about the CCP organized peasant uprisings in 1930s. (4) During Cultural Revolution all nation rebels' organization likely gave their name or their newspaper’s name as the “Red Riots”, because it was the CCP’s early time revolutionary slogan. Picture shows in 1967 a newspaper "Red Riots" made by one organization of Red Guards of Zhongnan Forestry College (in Guangzhou) named the “Red Rebels”.

(1) In Cultural Revolution, a rebel’s organization in Hangzhou named the “Red Riots”. (2) The newspaper “Riots” on September 24, 1967, made by a rebel’s organization “The new Xiamen Commune”. (3) The newspaper “Red Riots” on July 15, 1967, made by a rebel’s organization in Zhejiang University. (4) The newspaper "Riot Combat Report" in 1967 of a rebel’s organization of Zhejiang Agricultural College.

(3) The CCP 6th Congress was held in Moscow; Xiang Zhongfa was elected to be Chairman of the Central Political Bureau

CCP sixth National Congress secretly convened in Moscow suburb on June 18 to July 11, 1928 under Soviet Union's subsidization. 142 representatives attended, many of them were Comintern persons. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Comintern leader, gave politic report "Chinese Revolution and the Duty of CCP". Qu Qiubai reported “China’s Revolutionized and the Communist Party". Zhou Enlai reported "Organization Question And the Conclusion", Li Lisan reported farmer land question. Xiang Zhongfa was elected to be president of CCP Central Political Bureau, and Zhou Enlai to be general secretary of the CCP Central Political Bureau Standing committee. The congress pointed out present stage the general task was to strive for the populace, preparing rebellion. Xiang Zhongfa (1880-1931: CCP General Secretary. Joined CCP in 1922, was appointed to be CCP temporary Political Bureau committee member in May, 1927, in October led the Chinese worker and peasant delegation and the student group to go to Soviet, and was appointed delegation presidium president, CCP representative in Commenter. In July, 1928, he was the Chairman of CCP in the 6th CCP Congress in Moscow, at the end of the year returned to homeland. After the fourth Plenary Session of 6th CCP (January, 1931) he was General Secretary of CCP, but the power actually was held by Wang Ming et al. On June 22 1931 he was arrested by Kuomintang, Surrendered immediately, two days later was shot. The CCP public material said Xiang is a rogue. Zhou Enlai said: “Xiang’s integrity was inferior to that of a prostitute”. The concept of Mao’s “ten times struggles between two lines in CCP” was wrote in Zhou Enlai’s 10th Party Congress's politics: 1) Chen Duxiu right opportunism route; 2) Qu Qiubai leftist putschism route;2) Li Lisan left adventurism route; 4) Wang Ming left opportunism route; 5) Luo Zhanglong split-ist line; 6) Zhang Guotao split-ist line; 7) Gao Gang and Rao Shushi counter-party alliance;8) Peng Dehuai and Huang Kecheng and so on antiparty bloc; 9) Liu Shaoqi revisionist line; 10) Lin Biao counter-revolutionary bloc.

(1) The 6th CCP Congress was held in this building in Moscow suburb in 1928. (2) Xiang Zhongfa, the General Secretary of CCP in 1930s. (3) Bukharin（1888～1938）member of Russia CP Central Political Bureau committee, leader of Comintern. He gave political report in CCP’s 6th congress. In 1928 fall he received Stalin's critique, was exempted Comintern duties and Political Bureau member, expelled from the party. In 1938 he and 16 persons were executed for the “treason”. In 1988, the Soviet Supreme Court rehabilitated for Bukharin. Obviously the CCP’s clique struggle is as the template of Russian Communist (Bolshevik) faction fight. (4) Qu Qiubai, born in 1899, joined Russia CP in Moscow 1921. In 1923 returned to China attend the third CCP Congress; in 1927 was the CCP president. Although starts he launched riot everywhere, all defeated, Stalin stopped him to lead “rebellion”. In January, 1931 fourth Plenary Session of the sixth CCP Congress, Wang Ming captured the Chinese Communist Party highest leadership under the Soviet Mif’s support, Qu Qiubai was relieved the central leadership duty. After Long March, he remained in south, held the minister of Propaganda dept of the Soviet areas. In 1935 he was arrested by Kuomintang and was killed. Mao named Qu “the leftist putschism route” and was “the second struggle between two lines in CCP history”. (5) Li Lisan and his Russian wife and daughter Li Lisan, born in 1899, in 1919 went to France to work and study, in 1921 returned to china and joined CCP, he was chairman of Shanghai general labor union, central committee worker minister, in 1928 attended the 6th CCP Congress in Moscow, managed the Central Committee of the CCP’s work, positively carried out the policy of the 6th CCP Congress, organized urban and countryside riot, all had been defeated. In September, 1930, Zhou Enlai and Qu Qiubai came back from Moscow, Li went to Moscow to inspect the mistake, and afterward he was in the jail, released in 1945. In 1950s he was engaged in the trade union work, also received attacks. In Cultural Revolution period he was interrogated brutally, commits suicide in 1967. Mao named “Li Lisan left adventurism route” and was “the third struggle between two lines in CCP history”.

 (4) The early CCP leaders and their families were subsidized to learning or medical treatment in Soviet

(1) Former site of Deng Xiaoping once studied in Moscow Zhongshan University; Photo by Zhang Weige. (2) Mao’s wife He Zizhen went to Soviet Union in November, 1937 to recuperate because Mao in that time had relation with other women. Picture shows in 1947 He Zizhen and Mao’s daughter Li Min came to Soviet Union to live with her mother (He Zizhen). (3) Zhou Enlai in July, 1939 fell from a horse in Yenan, caused the right arm bone fracture. In August he went to Soviet to treat, and met Liu Shaoqi. (4) 1940 Zhou Enlai and his wife Deng Yingchao and Mao’s two sons Mao Anying and Mao Anqing in Soviet Union. (5) Ren Bishi (CCP’s fifth leader) in December, 1949 in Moscow Kremlin Hospital souvenir photo.

Part cases of the early time CCP leaders and their family member study or convalesces in Moscow Liu Shaoqi刘少奇1921-1922. Deng Xiaoping邓小平1926-1927 Zhe De朱德（leader of Chinese Red Army）1926,study, get married, and a daughter was born there, Zhang Wentian张闻天1925-1931 Kang Sheng康生 1933-1937 Ye Ting 叶挺1924-1925 Ye Jianying叶剑英1928-1930 Qu Qiubai瞿秋白1920-1931 Wang Jiaxiang王稼祥 1925-930 Wang Ruofei王若飞1923 Ren Bishi任弼时1921-1924 Xiao Jinguang萧劲光1921-1924 Liu Ying刘英1929-1932 ,1939 Li Lisan 李立三 1927-1928，1930-？married a Russian wife Mao Anying and Mao Anqing毛岸英和毛岸青 (Mao’s sons) 1936-1944 Liu Yongbin and Liu Aiqin刘允斌和刘爱琴 (Liu Shaoqi’s son and Daughter) 1939-? Yongbin married a Russian wife, lived in Russia Zhu Min朱敏 (Zhu De’s daughter) 1926 born in Moscow, 1953 come to China.

2. The Soviet campaign in China controlled by Moscow（1928-1935）

(1) Japanese invasion of China "Sept. 18 Incident", Stalin supported Mao to establish a “Chinese Soviet”

After pedagogical graduation, Mao pursued Yang Kaihui, daughter of Mao’s former teacher now Professor in Beijing, and Mao worked as a manager in the Beijing University Library, although monthly salary 8 silver dollars, but he had known professor Chen Duxiu who organized CCP with Russia funds, so Mao attended the first CCP Congress, afterwards the party sent him 60~70 silver dollars every month as Hunan province party's active funds, later it increased to 170 silver dollars. In 1919, Mao returned to Changsha to teach elementary school, married with Yang Kaihui. Had party's money, he quit the job and became professional revolutionaries. Stalin called CCP "to build their own new army". In 1927 Mao made a false report that organizing “fall harvest riot” but secretly led 5000 persons’ troops which originally had to attack Changsha, to go to occupy Jinggang Mountains in Jiangxi Province. Many people in the troop did not want to be bandit in mountains and escaped, when arrived at Jinggang Mountains, the troop was only 600 people. Because this action violated CCP central's policy, Mao received party’s punishment. Mao and his troop depended “hits the local tyrant” to earn a living. Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang army wanted to “encircle” Mao’s Red Army, but Soviet Russia protected them. Afterward “hitting the local tyrant” was not able to maintain again. They left Jinggang Mountains to go to Ruijin and the places in Fujian “to raise funds”, was still very difficult to maintain. Japanese launched “September 18th Incident” in 1931 to invaded China which had rescued Mao and his army. Three days after the Incident, on September 20, Soviet Russia inform the CCP to take advantage of Japanese invading Northeast China, further expanding Chinese Red Army to defend Soviet Union; to launch riots, strikes, parade and demonstration, captured the Nanjing Kuomintang’s power. Under Stalin's operation, on November 7, 1931 (Soviet national day), CCP announced the “Chinese Soviet Republic Temporary Central Government” was established in Ruijin, Jiangxi. Mao, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and 63 persons were members of the “Central Executive Committee (Russian translated name)”, Mao was the president, Xiang Ying, and Zhang Guotao were vice-presidents. That issued "Chinese Soviet Republic Constitution", in which the 14th item: “We support all minorities in China are able to separate from China, are able to separate a separate country”. This was the CCP first doing “two Chinas”--one “Republic of China” , the other “Chinese Soviet Republic”.